This study was designed to identify the relationship between perceived social support and discernd powerlessness held by the elderly residing in a rural community. The purpose of this study was to contribute to theoretical understanding of the relationship of these two variables and eventually to the more effective adaptation of the elderly to their situation. The subjects for this study were the 89 elderly residing in a rural community. Data were collected by a questionnaire from June 2 to 20, 1998. The data were analysed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlated coefficient and stepwise multiple regression using a SAS program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. The relationship between perceived social support and discernd powerlessness was significant(r = -.23502, p=.0266). Especially, discernd elderly's powerlessness shows a highly significant relationship with family and neighborhood support(family r= -.45096, p=.0001, neighborhood r= -.35681, p=.0006). In the support patterns, the discernd powerlessness of the elderly has a significant relationship to emotional, informational and evaluational support. Therefore the hypothesis that, "the lower the degree of social support peiceived by the elderly, the higher the degree of discened powerlessness" was supported. 2. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of discened powerlessness was family support in support system (R2 = .2034), and emotional support (R2 = .0627) in support patterns. 3. General characteristic related to the degree of social support was only residential status(P< .05), but the degree of family support was related to spouse(t=2.390. p<.01). residential status(t= -2.157, p<.05), and household.
Aged* ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Residence Characteristics ; Rural Population*

No abstract available.
Breast* ; Humans

In Korea, the nosocomial infection control program is not well estabilished. This study was carried out to investigate the incidence rate of nosocomial infection occurred among patients of 18 hospitals for 7 days ; cases of hospital infection per 10,000 patients discharged during the same period in Korea. The study was done in 18 volunteer hospitals and nosocomial infection cases for 7 days were collected retrospectively. The result was as follows; 1. The incidence rate of nosocomial infection for 7 days was 578 cases per 10, 000 patients discharged. 2. Pneumonia was the most prevalent nosocomial infection ; the incidence rate 112.7 cases per 10,000 discharges. The incidence rate of urinary tract infection was 85. 7 cases and that of septicemia was 36. 7 cases per 10, 000 discharges. 3. The incidence rate of nosocomial infection among patients of neurosurgery department was the highest(2,742 cases per 10,000 discharges). And the incidence rate of nosocomial infection was 6 times higher among the patients of intensive care unit than that of general ward. The reasons of higher nosocomial infection rate of intensive care unit and neurosurgery appeared to be due to many invasive procedures. Thus the priority in nosocomial infection control program must be given to those groups.
Cross Infection* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intensive Care Units ; Korea* ; Neurosurgery ; Patients' Rooms ; Pneumonia ; Retrospective Studies ; Sepsis ; Urinary Tract Infections ; Volunteers

No abstract available.
Animals ; Mice*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Colon* ; Constipation* ; Enema* ; Fecal Incontinence* ; Humans

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of newborn is a disease revealed high morbidity and mortality rate, especially in premature infant. To evaluate the predictive value of Stable Microbubble Rating (SMR) and Shake test on RDS in premature infant, the anthors carried out the gastric aspirates Shake test and SMR test at birth, 3 and 6 hours after birth respectively on 124 premature infants who were born at the department of Pediatrics, Dong-San Hospital, Keimyung University during the period of 6 months form June 1993 to November 1993. The following results were obtained: 1) Among the 124 premature infants, RDS was developed on 23 (18.5%). 2) The birth weight, gestational age and Apgar score were significantly lowered in RDS cases than non-RDS cases (p<0.005). 3) The sensitivity, specificty, positive-and negative-predictive values of Shake test were 87.0% 79. 2% 48.8% and 96.4%, and those of SMR test were 100% 93.1% 76.7% 100% at birth, 95.7% 88.1% 64.7% 98.9% at 3rd-hour of life, and 95.7% 72.3% 44% 98.6% at 6th-hour of life. With the results of this study we concluded that SMR test at 6th-hour of life.
Apgar Score ; Birth Weight ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Microbubbles* ; Mortality ; Parturition ; Pediatrics

No abstract available.
Animals* ; Hypertension, Portal* ; Models, Animal*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the significance of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance(ASCUS) by following-up cervical cytologic smears or histologic finding. METHODS: Two hundred fifty three cases were diagnosed as ASCUS on cervical cytologic smears from January, 3, 1997 to september, 16, 1998 at cytopathology laboratory, College of Medicine, Keimyung Univemity. These cases were evaluated by cervical smears or subsequent biopsies. RESULTS: The results were as follows, On repeat cervical smears, inflammation was 19.7%, normal was 11,1% and HSIL was 1.6%. On histologic diagnosis, CIS was 13,4%, cervicitis was 12,6%, invasive cervical cancer was 4.0%, and severe dysplasia was 3.2%. CONCLUSION: A diagnosis of ASCUS on smears need careful follow-up.
Biopsy ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Inflammation ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Uterine Cervicitis ; Vaginal Smears

Vasoconstrictive effect of several topicsl corticosteroids was measured using laser Doppler flowmeter. Hydrophilic ointment base, 1% hydrocortisone cream, 0.1% clocortolone pivalate cream, and 0.25% desoxymethasone cream were applied on both forearms of 20 volunteers. To augment the vasoconstrictive effect of the corticosteroids, We had cut off the blood flow to forearms for 4 minutes by tourniquet. The reactive hyperemia was measured by laser Doppler flowmeter and the ares under the curve were calculated by digitizer aided by a computer. The mean areas of esch drugs were in the following order : hydrophilic ointment base, 0.1% clocortolone pivalate cream, 1% hydrocortisone crearn and 0.25% desoxymethasone cream. However, the standard deviations were too large for the difference to be statistically significant. We concluded that laser Doppler flowmeter is not suitable for the measurement of vasoconstrictive effect of corticosteroid.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Desoximetasone ; Flowmeters* ; Forearm ; Humans* ; Hydrocortisone ; Hyperemia ; Tourniquets ; Vasoconstriction ; Volunteers

Clinical characteristics of 336 infants referred for chromosomal study during neonatal period from Jan. 1985 to Dec. 1994 to the cytogenetic laboratory of St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College were reviewed. Karyotypes were analysed from peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures and G-banding was carried out. A thorough survey of the clinical reasons for chromosomal analysis, prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in each disease category, and the patterns of chromosomal aberrations were done. The results were as follows, 1) Down syndrome was the most common indication for chromosome analysis in the newborn period, consisting of 37.8 % of all cases referred. Other indications included skeletal anomaly, multi-organ anomalies, cleft lip/palate, ambiguous genitalia, odd looking face, gastrointestinal anomaly, central nervous system anomaly, and Turner syndrome. 2) Overall in 42.9 percent of cases referred, chromosomal abnormalities was found. 3) 1'he percentage of final diagnosis in suspected Down syndrome was 85.0 #96. Overall, of the non-Down syndrome cases, 16.7 96 was given a definitive diagnosis of chromosomal abnomality. In each disease category, 57.1 % of suspected Turner syndrome and 37.2 % of multi-organ anomalies had been proved having chromosomal abnormalities. The percentages of chromosomal aberrations in isolated odd looking face, ambiguous genitalia, and skeletal anomaly were relatively low, around 5 %. None of the newborns referred because of cleft lip/palate, congenital anomalies of gastrointestinal tract or central nervous system had abnormal karyotype. 4) 95.1 % of all cases diagnosed to have chromosomal abnormality had autosomal aberrations, the remainder 4.9 % had sex chromosomal aberrations. 5) Trisomy 21 was the most common numerical aberrations of autosomes, consisting of 87.5 % and trisomy 18, trisomy 13, and mosaicism was 7.1 %, 3.6 96 and 1.8 % of total. 6) 90.7 % of Down syndrome were due to trisomy 21, the rest being translocation (7.4 %) and mosaicism (1.9 %).
Abnormal Karyotype ; Central Nervous System ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Cytogenetics ; Diagnosis ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Down Syndrome ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Karyotype* ; Lymphocytes ; Mosaicism ; Prevalence ; Trisomy ; Turner Syndrome