A practical and convenient method of rearing Eucyclops serrulatus in a microculture environment is described. A complete life cycle of E. serrulatus was maintained in a narrow space on a microscope slide glass on which a cover glass of 22 x 40 mm in size was mounted at a height of 0.8 mm. The culture medium was constituted by bottled mineral water boiled with grains of Glycine max (soybean). Chilomonas paramecium, a free-living protozoan organism, was provided as live food. Growth of nauplii hatched from eggs to the first stage of copepodite took an average of 7.7 days, and the growth of copepodite 1 to the egg-bearing adult female took an average of 20.1 days in the microculture cell with an average life time of 44.7 days. Continuous passage of copepods was successfully maintained as long as sufficient medium and food were provided. The microculture method enables an in situ microscopic observation on the growth and developmental process of helminth larvae experimentally infected to copepods as well as of copepod itself. Furthermore, it does not require anesthetization and, therefore, minimize the amount of stress exposed to copepods during the handling process.
Protozoa ; Male ; Female ; Culture Techniques/*methods ; Culture Media ; Copepoda/*growth & development ; Animals

BACKGROUND: The growth of elderly population increased the need for oral health care. Elderly patients with poor teeth alignment needs more attention with orthodontic treatment METHODS: Elderly patients visiting department of orthodontics, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital between 2000-2004 were treated with fixed appliances in one or both dental arches. Treatment plans were different from than that of younger patients and included uncommon and strategic removals of teeth and prosthesis. RESULTS: There was decrease in orthodontic treatment forces with increasing age, and the observation made from this study was favorable in the patients' as well as in the orthodontist's, point of view. It was possible to move the remaining teeth considerably, and the retention was made with various fixed appliances. CONCLUSIONS: Orthodontic treatment is not limited by patient age. However, it is wise not to extend treatment goals too far beyond the patients' objective needs
Aged* ; Dental Arch ; Heart ; Humans ; Oral Health ; Orthodontics ; Prostheses and Implants ; Tooth

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical result of two stage reimplantation of infected total knee arthroplasties, using an antibiotics impregnated articulating cement spacer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Out of total 7 cases with infected total knee arthroplasties, 4 cases treated with two stage reimplantation, using an antibiotics impregnated articulating cement spacer were included in this study. After the treatment of infected total knee arthroplasties, the treatment of infection was evaluated by physical examination, radiologic studies, and hematologic studies. The results were evaluated using the Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score (HSS). RESULTS: As results, 4 infected knee cases treated with two stage reimplantation did not have reinfection at the time of the follow up, and physical, laboratory, and radiologic studies were all within normal range. The range of motion of the reimplanted knees were from -5degrees in extension to 130 degrees in flexion, with an average of 117 degrees. The average score of the Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score was 87. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, two stage arthroplasties, using antibiotics impregnated articulating cement spacer was an effective therapy not only for the treatment of the infection after the total knee arthroplasty but also effectiveness for recovery of the knee function.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Arthroplasty* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Knee* ; Physical Examination ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Reference Values ; Replantation*

No abstract available.

BACKGROUND: Administration of hepatitis B vaccine has played a major part in the management of public health in this country. There were many researches to assess the immunogenecity, safety, long term effectiveness, dose, and route of administration of hepatitis B vaccine. But there was lack of validation of the recommendation that hepatit.is B vaccine should be administered in adults with negative HBsAg and AntiHBs, in an endemic area with high prevalence of HBsAg. Authors tried to establish a proper candidate for hepatitis B vaccination evaluating viral markers of hepatitis B in adults vaccinated. METHODS: 172 hepatitis B vaccinated subjects(35.0%) were drawn from 491 adults who have visited at health care center, Asan Kangnung Hospital from April 1st to May 31th, 1997. They were asked designed questions about the beginning year, frequency of vaccination, and the presence of family members with HBsAg in a direct line. RESULTS: Of the subjects(172), 2.3% were HBsAg(+), 63.4% AntiHBs(+), 68.6% AntiHBc(+). Among the HBsAg(-) adults(149) who had been vaccinated more than three times, 70.4%(105) were AntiHBs(+), of whom 66.6%(70) were AntiHBc(+) and 29.6%(44) were AntiHBs(-), of whom 56.8%(25) were AntiHBc(+). In the subjects(20) with family history of HBsAg, 80% were AntiHBc(+), which is higher than 61.2% in the group(129) without family history. Among the HBsAg(-) and AntiHBc(-) adults(54) who had been vaccinated more than three times, AntiHBs(+) group was not significantly differnt from AntiHBs(-) group in comparison of age and years after initial vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: The two thirds(68.9%) of vaccinated subjects showed AntiHBc(+), which means reflection of previous exposure to Hepatitis B virus. Accordingly, vaccination is not thought to be required for these. Consequently, all individuals are thought to have to be pretested for the presence of AntiHBc as well as HBsAg and AntiHBs in Korea.
Adult* ; Biomarkers ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Delivery of Health Care ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens* ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Korea ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Vaccination

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the epidemiology of enterovirus (EV) infections in children at a secondary hospital during recent 5 years. METHODS: We collected the cerebrospinal fluid, stool and throat swab samples from the pediatric patients with suspected EV infections in KEPCO Medical Center, Seoul, Korea from July 2006 to September 2010. EV detection and genotype identification were performed by RT-PCR at Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: A total of 386 samples were collected from 277 patients during study period. Ninety-eight patients (35.4%) were diagnosed with EV infections. The RT-PCR positive rate was the highest in throat swab samples (48.3%). The median age of patient was 4.7 years (range, 0.1-12.5 years). Aseptic meningitis (50, 51.0%) was the most common clinical manifestation; herpangina (22, 22.4%) and hand-foot-mouth disease (18, 18.4%). One hundred EVs were isolated from 98 patients and 20 genotypes of EV were identified; Echovirus 30 (28 cases, 28%), Enterovirus 71 (12 cases, 12%), Echovirus 25 (10 cases, 10%), Echovirus 9 (9 cases, 9%) and Coxsackievirus A6 (8 cases, 8%). Aseptic meningitis caused by Echovirus 30 was the most common manifestation in 2008. There was no complicated case caused by Enterovirus 71. CONCLUSION: This study showed the epidemiology of confirmed EV infection in children from 2006 to 2010. There is a need for continuous surveillance of EV infections and its clinical manifestations.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Child ; Echovirus 9 ; Enterovirus ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Enterovirus Infections ; Genotype ; Herpangina ; Humans ; Korea ; Meningitis, Aseptic ; Pharynx

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) cause neurologic dysfunction by blocking the voltage-gated sodium channels located in all of the peripheral nerves and muscles. We experienced two patients presenting with generalized motor weakness after ingestion of pufferfish. The nerve conduction study showed diffuse slowing of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity, prolonged motor terminal latency and decreased sensory nerve action potentials without temporal dispersion or conduction block. Abnormal findings of nerve conduction study improved rapidly without any deterioration. Clinical symptoms and signs ameliorated in accordance with findings of nerve conduction study without any neurologic sequelae. These imply that tetrodotoxication is reversible and functional neurologic disorder. We suggest that nerve conduction studies can be available in serial monitoring of tetrodotoxication as an objective means.
Action Potentials ; Eating ; Humans ; Muscles ; Nervous System Diseases ; Neural Conduction ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Peripheral Nerves* ; Tetraodontiformes ; Tetrodotoxin ; Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effectiveness and complications of transurethral resection of the prostate plus incision of the bladder neck and prostate(TUR-P+I) and transurethral resection of the prostate(TUR-P). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 101 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) who were randomized to TUR-P+I(N=78; Group I) or TUR-P(N=23; Group II) from December 2000 to March 2002. After TUR of the adenoma, the trigone, bladder neck, and surgical capsule of the prostate were incised with a pointed coagulating electrode at the 5- and 7-o'clock positions from the distal edge of the ureteral orifice to the verumontanum. Patients were evaluated at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after operation in terms of the change in International Prostatic Symptom Score(IPSS), peak urinary flow rate, and complications. RESULTS: The mean prostatic weight of Groups I and II was 40.5+/-15.5 g and 36.7+/-10.6 g, respectively. The operative time and resected prostatic weight of Group I were 59.0+/-23.8 min and 16.2+/-11.4 g and those of Group II were 64.1+/-27.5 min and 11.5+/-5.8 g. The postoperative complication rates were similar in the two groups. The preoperative IPSS symptom score and peak urinary flow rate were 22.4+/-6.4 and 9.8+/-5.4 mL/sec, respectively, in Group I and 23.7+/-7.6 and 9.3+/-4.4 mL/sec in Group II. The 1-, 3-, and 6-month IPSS were 13.2+/-6.0, 10.1+/-5.1, and 9.2+/-4.8 in Group I and 13.2+/-5.0, 10.1+/-4.2, and 9.2+/-4.4 in Group II. The peak urinary flow rates at those times were 15.6+/-4.9, 15.8+/-5.6, and 15.9+/-5.1 mL/sec in Group I and 14.6+/-4.2, 14.6+/-3.9, and 14.3+/-4.5 mL/sec in Group II. CONCLUSIONS: The TUR-P+I could be a safe, effective surgical method for BPH. However, longer follow-up and more patients are required to establish the value of this technique.
Adenoma ; Electrodes ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Neck* ; Operative Time ; Postoperative Complications ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate* ; Ureter ; Urinary Bladder*

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to develop a combined spinal epidural (CSE) anesthesia using single segment technique(SST) for cesarean section. We attempted to find the most suitable spinal and epidural local anesthetic doses providing high quality of surgical analgesia and minimal side effects during CSE anesthesia. METHODS: 40 patients scheduled for elective cesarean section under the CSE technique were randomly divided into four groups. 2.5mg(Group 1), 5mg(Group 2), 7.5mg(Group 3) and 10mg(Group 4) of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine was injected into the subarachnoid space through a 26-gauge long Quincke needle. If the block did not reach the T4 level in 15min., it was extended by fractionated doses of 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine administered through the epidural catheter. RESULTS: All patients in Group 1, 2 and 3 needed epidural lidocaine, 21.0+/-0.8 ml(Group 1), 11.1+/-0.6 ml(Group 2) and 7.4+/-0.7 ml(Group 3). Anesthesia in Group 4 was mostly due to spinal block. Group 2 and 3 resulted in satisfactory anesthesia with rapid onset, good surgical analgesia and muscle relaxation and minimal side effects. Group 1 provided insufficient muscle relaxation and Group 4 had higher incidence(60%) of maternal hypotension than other groups. CONCLUSIONS: The CSE technique, using 5mg or 7.5mg of subarachnoid bupivacaine and with sufficient epidural lidocaine to reach a T4 level, had the advantages of both spinal and epidural anesthesia with few of the complications of either.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Anesthetics ; Bupivacaine ; Catheters ; Cesarean Section* ; Epinephrine ; Female ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Lidocaine ; Muscle Relaxation ; Needles ; Pregnancy ; Subarachnoid Space