BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBCa) T2 lesions are considered to be advanced tumors showing diverse features in tumor extent. When this T2 lesion does not involve the cystic duct and there is no evidence of lymph node metastasis, we have to consider what is the most reasonable extent of resection - that is, whether to perform concurrent extra-hepatic bile duct resection (EHBD) resection or not. This study intends to evaluate the adequacy of EHBD resection in patients undergoing resection for T2N0 GBCa. METHODS: From our institutional database of GBCa, 48 cases of T2N0 GBCa who underwent R0 resection during November 1995 and August 2008 were selected. Patients who underwent prior laparoscopic cholecystectomy were excluded. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Their mean age was 63.2+/-83.3 years and females were 25. The mean serum CA19-9 level was 37.3+/-89.3 ng/ml. The extents of liver resection were wedge resection (n=36) and segment 4a+5 resection (n=12). Concurrent EHBD resection was performed in 16 (33.3%) patients. No fatal surgical complication occurred. The majority of tumor pathology was adenocarcinoma (n=42), with additional unusual types as papillary (n=3), saromatoid (n=1), signet ring cell (n=1) and adenosquamous (n=1) cancers. The overall survival rate was 87.1% at 1 year, 69.5% at 3 years and 61.7% at 5 years. After exclusion of mortalities not related to cancer, the overall patient survival rate was 89.6% at 1 year, 72.9% at 3 years and 64.7% at 5 years, with 3-year survival rates of 72% in the EHBD resection group and 69.2% in the non-resection group (p=0.661). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that concurrent EHBD resection did not improve patient survival when R0 resection was achieved in patients with T2N0 GBCa. Therefore, routine EHBD resection may not be indicated for T2N0 GBCa unless the tumor is close to the cystic duct.
Adenocarcinoma ; Bile Ducts ; Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Cystic Duct ; Female ; Gallbladder ; Humans ; Liver ; Lymph Nodes ; Medical Records ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: The extension of endocrine therapy beyond 5 years for recurrence-free survivors of breast cancer improves survival; however, the issue on how to clinically identify appropriate candidates remains controversial. This study aimed to identify prognostic factors for breast-cancer-specific mortality in patients who have had 5 years of tamoxifen treatment and categorize subgroups based on the risk of death using combinations of these prognostic factors to assist in the clinical decision to perform further endocrine therapy. METHODS: In total, 3,158 patients with breast cancer were enrolled. Breast cancer-specific survival rates after 5 years of tamoxifen treatment were calculated, and associated prognostic factors were analyzed using a Cox proportional-hazards model. RESULTS: An age extreme at diagnosis (i.e., < 40 or ≥ 60 years), tumor size > 2 cm, and positive lymphovascular invasion were robust independent prognostic factors for late breast cancer-specific death in tamoxifen-treated patients (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.162, 1.739, and 1.993; p = 0.001, 0.047, and 0.011, respectively). Lymph node metastasis and progesterone receptor negativity had borderline significance in this regard (HR = 1.741 and 1.638, p = 0.099 and 0.061). The study patients were classified into four groups according to the number of prognostic indicators, i.e., low, intermediate, high, and extremely high risk. The additional 5- and 10-year cumulative risks of breast cancer-specific death were 0.8% and 1.5% in the low-risk group, 0.9% and 3.9% in the intermediate-risk group, 1.3% and 7.3% in the high-risk group, and 4.8% and 13.8% in the extremely high-risk group, respectively. CONCLUSION: This new risk stratification system for late mortality in breast cancer can be used to identify the right candidates for extended endocrine therapy after 5 years of tamoxifen treatment.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Mortality ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Survival Rate ; Survivors ; Tamoxifen