Double outlet right ventricle, a complex of congenital cardiac anomalies in which both great arteries arise wholly or in large part from the morphologic right ventricle presents diverse clinical manifestations according to the morphological characteristics. Eighty cases with DORV were diagnosed and operated at Yonsei Cardiovascular Center from 1988 to 1992. The analysis of the morphological characteristics of this anomaly and comparative study of operative methods and mortality according to the morphological classification led to the following results: 1) The location of VSD varied to be subaortic in 40 cases, subpulmonic in 15, doubly committed in 6 and noncommitted in 19 cases. The great arteries were interrelated in D-malposition in 43 cases and L-malposition in 18 and 26 cases among above mentioned 61 cases revealed the side-by-side relationship. Ten of the cases showed normal position and the rest 9, A-malposition. 2) Pulmonary stenosis was found in 60 cases, and when associated with subpulmonic VSD, occurring less frequently. PDA and ASD secundum were associated in successional order and only 3 cases were verified to carry aortic arch anomalies such as coarctation and interruption, all with subpulmonic VSD. 3) Intraventricular tunnel repair was possible in every case associated with subaortic VSD and the postoperative prognosis was excellent. In comparison, most of the cases associated with other types of VSD in which only palliative surgery or various types of intraventricular repair were performed, the general outcome was poor. But total cavopulmonary connection, one of the physiological corrective methods, showing a better postoperative prognosis is being carefully considered for its broad adoptation in future. In conclusion, double outlet right ventricle, a pathophysiological complex of various anomalies, should be thoroughly evaluated for the morphological characteristics to decide the most appropriate types of operation and for consequent improvement of prognosis.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Arteries ; Classification ; Double Outlet Right Ventricle* ; Heart Ventricles ; Mortality ; Palliative Care ; Prognosis ; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

We analyzed the mRNA expression patterns of major potassium channel genes to determine the mechanism of hypokalemia in familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis. We used quantitative RT-PCR to examine the mRNA levels of both inward (KCNJ2, KCNJ6, and KCNJ14) and delayed rectifi er (KCNQ1 and KCNA2) potassium channel genes in skeletal muscle cells from both normal and patient groups, prior to and after exposure to 4 mM and 50 mM potassium buffers. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed no changes in the mRNA levels of these genes in normal and patient cells on exposure to 4 mM potassium buffer. However, after exposure to 50 mM potassium buffer, which was used to induce depolarization, normal cells showed a signifi cant decrease in KCNJ2, KCNJ6, and KCNJ14 expression, but no change in KCNQ1 and KCNA2 expression. In contrast, patient cells showed no change in KCNJ2 and KCNJ6 expression, but an increase in KCNJ14 expression. Furthermore, KCNQ1 and KCNA2 showed decreased expression. We found that the expression levels of both inward and delayed rectifi er potassium channel genes in patient cells differ from those in normal cells. Altered potassium channel gene expression in patient cells may suggest a possible mechanism for hypokalemia in familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis.

Animals ; Bone Marrow ; Bone Regeneration ; Bone Transplantation ; Cartilage ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive ; Lifting ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Osteogenesis ; Rabbits ; Stem Cells ; Tendons ; Tissue Engineering ; Transplants

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Main consideration was given to the stresses at the site of implant entry into the cortical bone at the alveolar crest. As a suspectible factor affecting the occurrence of stress concentrations, the contact angle between the implant and the alveolar crest bone was addressed. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate angles between the alveolar crest bone and the implant effect on the implant crestal area induced stresses using a finite element method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cylindrically shaped, standard size ITI implants entering into alveolar crest with four different contact angles of 0, 15, 30, and 45 deg. with the long axis of the implant were axisymmetrically modelled. Alterations of stresses around the implants were computed and compared at the cervical cortical bone. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that regardless of the difference of the implant/alveolar crest bone contact angles, stress concentration occurred at the cervical bone and the angle differences led to insignificant variations in stress level.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra

Solitary fibrous tumor is rare benign mesenchymal neoplasm. The spinal solitary fibrous tumor is extremely rare. The authors experienced a case of intramedullary solitary fibrous tumor of cervicothoracic spinal cord in a 48-year-old man with right lower extremity sensory disturbance. Spinal MRI showed intradural mass lesion in the level of C7-T1, the margin between the spinal cord and tumor was not clear on MRI. A Left unilateral laminectomy and mass removal was performed. Intra operative finding, the tumor boundary was unclear from spinal cord and it had intramedullary and extramedullary portion. After surgery, patient had good recovery and had uneventful prognosis. Follow up spinal MRI showed no recurrence of tumor.
Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Laminectomy ; Lower Extremity ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Solitary Fibrous Tumors* ; Spinal Cord* ; Spine

Solitary fibrous tumor is rare benign mesenchymal neoplasm. The spinal solitary fibrous tumor is extremely rare. The authors experienced a case of intramedullary solitary fibrous tumor of cervicothoracic spinal cord in a 48-year-old man with right lower extremity sensory disturbance. Spinal MRI showed intradural mass lesion in the level of C7-T1, the margin between the spinal cord and tumor was not clear on MRI. A Left unilateral laminectomy and mass removal was performed. Intra operative finding, the tumor boundary was unclear from spinal cord and it had intramedullary and extramedullary portion. After surgery, patient had good recovery and had uneventful prognosis. Follow up spinal MRI showed no recurrence of tumor.
Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Laminectomy ; Lower Extremity ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Solitary Fibrous Tumors* ; Spinal Cord* ; Spine

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the extent of heterogeneity in medical terminology between South and North Korea by comparing medical terms related to the colorectal system. METHODS: North Korean medical terms were collected from the sections on diseases of the small intestine and colon in a surgery textbook from North Korea, and those terms were compared with their corresponding terms in a South Korean medical terminology textbook. The terms were categorized as either identical, similar, showing disparity, or not used in South Korea. In a subsection analysis, the terms were allocated to pathophysiology, diagnosis, symptoms and examination, drugs, testing, treatment, or others according to the categorization used in the textbook. RESULTS: We found 705 terms in the North Korean textbook, most of which were pathophysiological terms (206, 29.2%), followed by diagnostic terms (165, 23.4%) and symptom and examination terms (122, 17.3%). Treatment-, drug-, and testing-related terms constituted 15.5%, 5.8%, and 4.1% of the 705 terms, respectively. There were 331 identical terms (47.0%) and 146 similar terms (20.7%); 126 terms (17.9%) showed disparity. Another 102 terms (14.5%) were not used in South Korea. The pathophysiological terms were the least heterogeneous, with 61.2% being identical terms used in both countries. However, 26.8% of the terms in the drug category were not used in South Korea. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that less than 50% of the terms for the colorectal system used in South and North Korea were identical. As the division between South and North Korea persists, the heterogeneity of medical terminology is expected to increase.
Colon ; Colorectal Surgery* ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea* ; Diagnosis ; Intestine, Small ; Intestines ; Korea ; Population Characteristics

The hemodynamic feature of the tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is best characterized by equality of left and right ventricular peak systolic pressure. The interventricular septum is flattened and thickened. Even after the right ventricular pressure is normalized in the postoperative period, the morphological abnormality continues for some time We have analyzed the morphological changes of the IVS echocardiographically after total correction and tried to correlate them with the prognosis of the patients. Forty five patients underwent total correction of TOF between May 1991 and July 1992.The IVS morphology was assessed with 2-D echocardiography before and after surgery. The control group consisted of 15 normal subjects(8 with functional cardiac murmur and 7 with non-cardiac diseases).We also evaluated the influence of the residual pulmonary regurgitation(PR) or pulmonic stenosis (PS) upon sequential changes in the end-systolic configuration and the thickness of the IVS. The following results were obtained. 1) Four months after total correction the IVS thickness and configuration at end-systole of the study patients were normalized, and they were not significantly different compared to those of the control group. 2) The postoperative residual PR of mild to moderate degree did not influence the course of morphological normalization. On the other hand, the postoperative residual PS greater than moderate degree hindered the normalization process. And the morphological abnormalities in the patients with the residual PS lasted longer than in the patients with the residual PR. 3) It would be necessary to perform cardiac catheterization in order to evaluate and to take care of the residual hemodynamic abnormalities if the IVS morphology remains to be abnormal even after one year after total correction.
Blood Pressure ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Cardiac Catheters ; Echocardiography* ; Hand ; Heart Murmurs ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Postoperative Period ; Prognosis ; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis ; Tetralogy of Fallot* ; Ventricular Pressure

PURPOSE: Familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HOKPP) is an autosomal dominant channelopathy characterized by episodic attacks of muscle weakness and hypokalemia. Mutations in the calcium channel gene, CACNA1S, or the sodium channel gene, SCN4A, have been found to be responsible for HOKPP; however, the mechanism that causes hypokalemia remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of this mechanism by investigating the expression of calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel genes in HOKPP patients. METHODS: We measured the intracellular calcium concentration with fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester in skeletal muscle cells of HOKPP patients and healthy individuals. We examined the mRNA and protein expression of KCa channel genes (KCNMA1, KCNN1, KCNN2, KCNN3, and KCNN4) in both cell types. RESULTS: Patient cells exhibited higher cytosolic calcium levels than normal cells. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the mRNA levels of the KCa channel genes did not significantly differ between patient and normal cells. However, western blot analysis showed that protein levels of the KCNMA1 gene, which encodes KCa1.1 channels (also called big potassium channels), were significantly lower in the membrane fraction and higher in the cytosolic fraction of patient cells than normal cells. When patient cells were exposed to 50 mM potassium buffer, which was used to induce depolarization, the altered subcellular distribution of BK channels remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a novel mechanism for the development of hypokalemia and paralysis in HOKPP and demonstrate a connection between disease-associated mutations in calcium/sodium channels and pathogenic changes in nonmutant potassium channels.
Blotting, Western ; Calcium ; Calcium Channels ; Channelopathies ; Cytosol ; Humans ; Hypokalemia ; Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis* ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels ; Membranes ; Muscle Weakness ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Paralysis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Potassium ; Potassium Channels ; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated* ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA, Messenger ; Sodium Channels

In the rat hippocampal formation, the time-course and dose-response of the expression of enkephalin and dynorphin gene were examined after kainate (KA) treatment with in situ hybridization histochemistry. The KA induced enkephalin and dynorphin mRNA expression in hippocampus occurred mainly in the dentate gyrus. The enkephalin mRNA expression appeared at 3hour after KA injection, increased dramatically at 6hour, and then decreses. At 24hour after KA injection, the expression of enkephalin mRNA disappeared. The dynorphin mRNA expression appeared at once after injection and increased dramatically at 3hour. Unexpectedly at 6hour after injection, the expression was decreased, and then increased less than the 3hour expression. The increased pattern persisted to 24hour after injection. Unexpected result was also encounted in the experiment of KA dose-response of enkephalin mRNA and dynorphin mRNA. In the hippocampal formation, in contrast with other areas, low dosage (8mg/kg) of KA induced more significant expression of both genes than high dosage (16mg/kg) of KA.
Animals ; Dentate Gyrus ; Dynorphins ; Enkephalins ; Gene Expression* ; Hippocampus* ; In Situ Hybridization ; Kainic Acid ; Opioid Peptides* ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger ; Seizures*