PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the specific types and characteristics of gender role identity in view of male nursing students. METHOD: Q-methodology, a technique for extracting subjective opinions, was used. Forty participants completed the Q-sort activity, rating each statement relative to the others. The Q sample has two categories, representing masculinity and femininity, and each category has 20 statements, resulting in 40 adjectives. The collected data were analyzed by QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Three types of gender role identity of male nursing students were identified: 'Taciturn warmth type', 'assertive power type', 'empathic warmth type'. Despite the differences among the types in this research, male nursing students are likely to have the understanding and keep faith. CONCLUSION: Male nursing students were exposed to many problems because of the gendered culture of nursing education. To understand the male nursing students' gender role identity will help to promote adaptation in nursing field.
Education, Nursing ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Nursing ; Q-Sort ; Students, Nursing*

Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm arising from cells that originate in the cervix uteri. It is the second most prevalent cancer among women. It can have several causes; an infection with some type of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the greatest risk factor for cervical cancer. Over 100 types of HPVs have been identified, and more than 40 types of HPVs are typically transmitted through sexual contact and infect the anogenital region. Among these, a number of HPVs types, containing types 16 and 18, are classified as "high-risk" HPVs that can cause cervical cancer. The HPVs vaccine prevents infection with certain species of HPVs associated with the development of cervical cancer, genital warts, and some less common cancers. Two HPVs vaccines are currently on the global market: quadrivalent HPVs vaccine and bivalent HPV vaccine that use virus-like particles as a vaccine antigen. This review discusses the current status of HPVs vaccines on the global market, clinical trials, and the future of HPVs vaccine development.
Cervix Uteri ; Condylomata Acuminata ; Female ; Humans ; Papillomavirus Vaccines* ; Risk Factors ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaccines ; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle

Double aortic arch is the most common type of symptomatic vascular ring. In most patients, the symptoms are manifested at birth or in early infancy. Double aortic arch usually has more severe symptoms than other types of complete vascular rings. We experienced one case of complete duplicated double aortic arch with left descending aorta and left patent ductus arteriosus. A one-day-old female neonate was transferred to our hospital because of mild dyspnea and stridor. She showed intractable CO2 retention and respiratory difficulty with time in spite of ventilator therapy. She died of respiratory failure 23 hours after birth. On autopsy, we found that the diameter of the vascular ring was 0.7cm in maximum extent. It was ovoid and contained trachea and esophagus. The trachea was flattened due to allowing 0.1x0.2cm. The compression level of the trachea was approximately 1cm from the tracheal bifurcation.
Aorta, Thoracic* ; Autopsy* ; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent ; Dyspnea ; Esophagus ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Parturition ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Respiratory Sounds ; Trachea ; Ventilators, Mechanical

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Many physicians agree that colonoscopy is the best modality for either the diagnostic evaluation or use in therapy for colorectal disease. Although the incidence of perforations that occur after colonoscopy is low, the increasing number of performed colonoscopies may pose a relevant health problem with including the often lethal consequences. This study aimed to determine the frequency of perforation and the management of colonoscopic perforation. Modern Korean society has adopted westernized dietary habits, and this has led to an increased incidence of colorectal disease such as colorectal cancer, polyps and diverticulosis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of all the patients who underwent colonoscopy complicated by colon perforation between January 2004 and December 2007. The patients' demographics, the purpose of colonoscopy, the location of the perforation, the management and the outcome were compared. RESULTS: A total of 5254 patients underwent either a diagnostic or therapeutic colonoscopy procedure during four consecutive years at a single institution. Iatrogenic colonoscopic perforations (0.2%) were diagnosed in 11 patients (seven males and four females). Perforations occurred in six patients during a diagnostic colonoscopy and these occurred in five patients during a therapeutic colonoscopy. Free air in the peritoneum or retroperitoneum was seen in all the patients, as depicted on plain X-rays. Seven patients were treated with surgical intervention and four patients were treated with conservative management. One of the 11 patients with a perforation expired on postoperative day 47 due to infective endocarditis. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of iatrogenic colonoscopic perforation is still very low. Although perforation is a very serious complication and it can be a lethal malady, early recognition and treatment are very critical factors to optimize the patient outcome. Although a gold standard therapeutic modality has not been established, the patients who present with the signs and symptoms of generalized peritonitis are recommended to undergo early surgical intervention.
Colon ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Demography ; Endocarditis ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Medical Records ; Peritoneum ; Peritonitis ; Polyps ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVES: Suicide is the most frequent cause of death among Korean adolescents, and adolescents who have experienced trauma have an increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression, and suicide attempts. However, resilience and self-esteem are protective factors. We examined the effects of resilience and self-esteem on the relationship among traumatic experiences, PTSD symptoms, depression, and suicidal ideation. METHODS: Middle-school students (n=403) completed questionnaires assessing traumatic experiences, PTSD symptoms, depression, suicidal ideation, resilience, and self-esteem. Path analysis was performed to investigate the mediating effects of PTSD symptoms, resilience, self-esteem, and depression on the relationship between trauma exposure and suicidal ideation. RESULTS: Traumatic experience was positively correlated with PTSD symptoms, depression, and suicidal ideation. PTSD symptoms and depression were positively correlated with suicidal ideation. The relationship between traumatic experiences and suicidal ideation was mediated by PTSD symptoms, which had both direct and indirect effects on suicidal ideation; the indirect effect was mediated by resilience, self-esteem, and depression. CONCLUSION: Korean adolescents who had experienced trauma were more likely to develop PTSD symptoms, increasing their risk of depression and suicidal ideation. However, self-esteem and resilience may help protect against depression and suicidal ideation. Our findings could inform suicide prevention initiatives.
Adolescent ; Cause of Death ; Depression ; Humans ; Negotiating ; Protective Factors ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide

Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon malignant tumor of the salivary glands that is difficult to diagnose. It grows slowly and shows distant metastasis rarely. We experienced a case of recurrent ACC in the parotid gland with cardiac metastasis and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. The 29-year-old man had been suffering from severe multiple bones and joints pain for 2 months. Ten years earlier, he underwent superficial parotidectomy due to a right subauricular mass. The mass was diagnosed with ACC. After surgery, the tumor recurred twice. Then the patient was diagnosed with cardiac metastasis via positron emission tomography-computed tomography and trans-thoracic echocardiography. He also had hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with multiple bone metastasis. He was given palliative radiotherapy and conservative treatment. ACC in the parotid gland with cardiac metastasis and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy has not yet been reported in literature. From this case, it is recommended to evaluate multiple distant metastasis in the ACC of the parotid gland when joint and bone pain are present.
Adult ; Carcinoma, Acinar Cell* ; Echocardiography ; Electrons ; Humans ; Joints ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Parotid Gland* ; Parotid Neoplasms ; Radiotherapy ; Salivary Glands

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical results between laparoscopy and laparotomy for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy. METHODS: We studied retrospectively 254 patients who had admitted to Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul Sung Ae Hospital and had been treated for ectopic pregnancy from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2003. RESULTS: A total of 254 patients were randomized to either laparoscopy (n=179) or laparotomy (n=75). There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics and laboratory findings between the two groups. In the both groups, the most common site was the ampullar portion (84.9% vs 73.4%) and the most common operative procedure was the salpingectomy (91.1% vs 88.0%). The mean operation time was not significantly different between the laparoscopy group (50.9 +/- 10.3 minutes) and the laparotomy group (52.8 +/- 12.1 minutes). But the length of the hospital stay was significantly shorter after laparoscopy (3.1 +/- 0.4 days) than after laparotomy (6.2 +/- 0.7 days). There were no intraoperative complications in the both groups. CONCLUSION: In the treatment of ectopic pregnancy, laparoscopic surgery is as effective and safe as the treatment with laparotomy and has the advantage of decrease in hospital stay and cost and of rapid return to normal activity and of cosmetic effect.
Female ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; Laparoscopy* ; Laparotomy* ; Length of Stay ; Obstetrics ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic* ; Retrospective Studies ; Salpingectomy ; Seoul ; Surgical Procedures, Operative

No abstract available.
Adenocarcinoma ; Cervix Uteri* ; Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous ; Female

OBJECTIVE: p63 is a member of the p53 gene family. The main aim of this study was to compare p63 and p53 expression in precancerous lesions and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. METHODS: Total 81 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (22 cases), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (42 cases) and invasive squamous cell carcinomas (17 cases) in the uterine cervix were stained by immunohistochemistry for expression of p63, p53 and topoisomerase II-alpha. RESULTS: p63 was statistically significant higher immunoreactivity according to progression of uterine cervical squamous lesions, but p53 was not significant. No statistical correlation was found between p63 and p53. Topoisomerase II-alpha index was statistically significant higher according to increase of p63 expression. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the expression of p63 protein may play a roles in progression and proliferative activities of the uterine cervical squamous lesions.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Cervix Uteri* ; Female ; Genes, p53 ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry

A 29-year-old man presented with involuntary head turning to the right. His family history showed that his mother and two maternal uncles had dysarthria and gait disturbance. Other than mild swaying on tandem gait, his neurologic examination was normal. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated cerebellar atrophy. Molecular analysis revealed an expanded SCA6 (spinocerebellar ataxia 6) allele of 23 CAG repeats. We therefore report a case of SCA6 presenting with disabling cervical dystonia.
Adult ; Alleles ; Ataxia ; Atrophy ; Brain ; Dysarthria ; Gait ; Head ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mothers ; Neurologic Examination ; Spinocerebellar Ataxias ; Torticollis