The purpose of the study was to test the reliability and validity of the Korean version of Children's Health Locus of Control Scale(CHLC), an instrument designed to measure health locus of control in children aged 7 to 12. The scale was administered to 467 children in grades 4 to 6, enrolled in 2 elementary schools located in city. The mean age of the subject was 10.03(SD=1.33). The findings were as follows: 1. Cronbach alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .69 for the total, and .67, .65, and .56 on the respective subscales. 2. Construct validity was supported through factorial isolation of three theory consistent subscales: internal, chance, and powerful others. Two items did not fit well with the originally developed subscale. The total percent of variance explained by 3 factors was 34.5%. The result of the factor analysis according to Kaiser's criterion revealed that the scale was consisted of 5 factors. But, The items of the subscales were rather inconsistent with the dimensions of the locus of control concept. 3. There were significant differences according to parent's educational level and occupation, and birth order on the scores of the CHLC. There were no significant differences according to grade level and sex. 4. The score of the CHLC was significantly correlated with the self concept of the children(r=.14, p<.001). The result indicated that the Korean version of Children's Health Locus of Control Scale was valid and reliable in measuring health locus of control concept in children, even though further research is required to reconfirm and increase the reliability of the instrument. CHLC could be used for study explaining the health related behavior of the children and research project to health education program.
Birth Order ; Child* ; Health Education ; Humans ; Internal-External Control* ; Occupations ; Psychometrics* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Self Concept ; Child Health

The objectives of this study were to examine the changes of birth weight and relationship of birth weight with maternal age and parity. The study population included 13,634 single live births out of 14,346 births delivered at a general hospital in Busan between January 1, 1977 and December 31, 1986. Data were obtained from the delivery record. In 1979 the mean birth weight of male was 3,074 gm and that of female to 2,985 gm. In 1986 birth weight of male was increased to 3,266 gm and that of female to 3,210 gm. Low birth weight (< or = 2,500 gm) incidence rate was 7.2% in 1977 and it was increased gradually to 10.4% in 1980 but decreased thereafter to 6.5% in 1986. Incidence rate of overweight infant (4,001 gm < or =) was 3.9% for 10 years and it ranged from 2.9% to 4.6% but no particular changing pattern was observed. The percentage of mothers who had history of induced abortion was decreased from 51.6% in 1979 to 45.1% in 1986. Also, stillbirth rate was decreased from 2.6% in 1977 to 1.5% in 1986. The proportion of the first and second births was increased from 85.4% in 1977 to 96.0% in 1986 and the proportion of mothers of 25-34 years increased from 72.1% in 1977 to 84.7% in 1986. The incidence rates of low birth weight and over weight infant are lower in the first and second births of 25-34 years old mothers than other parities and age groups. In creased mean birth weight and decreased low birth weight incidence rate indicate that the health status of newborn infants has been improved and substantial portion of these changes can be attributed to increase in family planning practice rate and delayed marriage. There is no evidence, however, for increasing incidence rate of overweight infant.
Abortion, Induced ; Birth Weight* ; Busan ; Family Planning Services ; Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Live Birth ; Male ; Marriage ; Maternal Age* ; Mothers ; Overweight ; Parity* ; Parturition* ; Stillbirth

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic disease of unknown cause, characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the biliary tree with diffuse multifocal stricture formation. With increasing knowledge of primary sclerosing cholangitis, it is now recognized that in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease, cholangiocarcinoma is a complication of primary sclerosing cholangitis. We recently experienced a case of 41 year old female patient who had Crohns disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangioearcinoma. We report a case of primary sclerosing cholangitis with cholangiocarcinoma with literature review.
Adult ; Biliary Tract* ; Cholangiocarcinoma* ; Cholangitis, Sclerosing* ; Chronic Disease ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Crohn Disease ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Pancreas*

We report three cases of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung characterized by large pleomorphic cell with frequent mitosis, which show neuroendocrine differentiation by both light microscopy or electron microscopy and iminunohistochemistry. These tumors have been categorized as large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma by Travis et al.(1991) in contrast with non-small cell lung cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. In the latter, neuroendocrine differentiation is not evident by light microscopy and must be demonstrated by imunohistochemstry or by electron microscopy. The prognosis of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, together with non-small cell lung cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation, appears to be worse than cancer without neuroendocrine differentiation and intermediate between atypical carcinoid and small cell lung cancer. Larger numbers of patients will be needed to demonstrate significant differences in survival.
Lung Neoplasms

Unsuspected pheochromocytoma in a surgical patients may lead to serial complications. These include extreme hypertension, taehycardia and cardiac arrythmias which lead to cardiac arrest, cerebrovascular accident and renal failure in the postoperative period. Pheochromocytoma arising in the urinary bladder is a rare tumor. We recently experienced a case of pheochromocytoma which was found during transurethral resection for biopsy of bladder tumor under spinal anesthesia. The blood pressure suddenly rose during resection. of the tumor. It was difficult to arrive at a correct diagnosis in this case because of the predominant bladder symptams without hypertenaive attack. Therefore, final diagnosis was made as the pheochromocytoms after histological examination. The resection of the tumor was performed under general anesthesia after careful studies. The patient was not treated during the preoperative period as she had no particular symptoms, but Regitine was glven during surgery. Regitine was used twice to control the transient hypertension during manipulation of the tumor. After removal of the tumor, the blood pressure was well regulated without vasopressor drugs. We report a case of pheochromocytoma of urinary bladder with successful anesthesia management and the use of neuroleptanesthetics.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Biopsy ; Blood Pressure ; Diagnosis ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Phentolamine ; Pheochromocytoma* ; Postoperative Period ; Preoperative Period ; Renal Insufficiency ; Stroke ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder*

A 31-years-old female presented with left eyelid, canalicular, and conjunctival lacerations after struck by a glass bottle.She had left hypertropia and limitation of depression.Primary repairs of left eyelid, canalicular, and conjunctival laceration were performed that day.After two weeks, the explorative operation was done because of the inability of depression of left eye. We identified the transection of inferior rectus muscle, and repaired it.Three months after second operation, there were 12 prism diopters of left hyper-tropia, 12 prism diopters of left exotropia in the primary position, and 20 prism diopters of left hypertropia in left down gaze.Double Maddox rod testing revealed 6degrees of left incyclotropia, and she presented head tilt to the left. Four months after second operation, 5 mm recession of left superior rectus muscle was done.Postoperatively, she had nearly orthotropia in primary position, but 10 prism diopters in left downgaze.She had only 2 degrees of left incyclotropia, and showed the improvement of ocular torticollis.
Depression ; Exotropia ; Eyelids ; Female ; Glass ; Head ; Humans ; Lacerations ; Ocular Motility Disorders* ; Strabismus

This report concerns a child who developed left ; Iung collapse during induction of anesthesia for suture ligation of patent ductus arteriosus. Acute massive collapse of a lobe, a whole lung or even both lungs in the space of a few minutes without apparent cause is said to be a rare elinical entity. Clinically this condition is manifested by difficulty in breathing or in inflation of the lung. On auscultation, there may be rhonchi or no sound of any air entry into the lung. If unrelieved, this condition will progress, with hypoxia and cardiac arrest. " We observed that the affected lung expanded during inflation with very high pressure ventilation, and then the collapsed lung was smoothly inflated after suture ligation of patent ductua arteriosus without any specific management. It appears that the development of lung collapse is not through the wrong choice of agents or technics of anesthesia, but from failure to appreciate the hemodynamics of ductus arteriosus or unknown factors. We could not find a definite mechanism of lung collapse, but there are contributing factors including compression of a main brobchus, bronchial secretion, decrease of surfactant and others. The operation was successful and she recovered satisfactorily.
Anesthesia* ; Anoxia ; Auscultation ; Child ; Ductus Arteriosus ; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent ; Heart Arrest ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Inflation, Economic ; Ligation ; Lung ; Pulmonary Atelectasis ; Respiration ; Respiratory Sounds ; Sutures ; Ventilation

A clinico-pathologic study with an immunohistochemical examination for c-erbB-2 expression in 54 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ and 16 cases of Paget's disease of the breast was performed. c-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression was observed in 45% (24/54) and 88% (14/16) of ductal carcinoma in situ and Paget's disease, respectively. The overexpression of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein was significantly correlated with the nuclear grade of tumors and inversely with the status of the estrogen receptor. c-erbB-2 was positive in 4 out of 5 patients with metastasis to axillary lymph nodes and 3 out of 4 patients who died of the disease. Prognostic significance of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in ductal carcinoma in situ was highly suggested. The expression of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in Paget's disease was well correlated with coexisting infiltrating or in situ ductal carcinoma. The high positive rate of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in ductal carcinoma with Paget's disease could be understood with a recent hypothesis that c-erbB-2 oncoprotein is involved in promotion of cell motility and the spread of carcinoma cells.
Neoplasm Metastasis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the awareness of child rearing among parents of children in early childhood and to provide fundamental data for parent education programs according to child rearing type. METHODS: Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. Forty Q items which were derived from a literature review and interviews with nurturing mothers were classified into a normal distribution using a 9-point scale. Collected data were analyzed using the QUANAL PC Program. RESULTS: Four types of parents' child rearing were identified. Type I was named 'affection-respect type', type II, 'concern-rule compliant type', type III, 'solicitude-model type', and type IV, 'geniality-encouragement type'. CONCLUSION: For proper growth and development during early childhood, parents should have rational information and awareness of their child rearing type. Results of this study can be used as essential data to develop child rearing education programs according to parents' child rearing attitude.
Adult ; Attitude ; Awareness ; Behavior ; Child ; *Child Rearing ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Parents/*psychology ; Q-Sort ; Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the components and content of nursing intervention studies on mother-infant interactions and to present strategies for future studies. METHODS: Four electronic databases in the Korean language were searched to identify studies done between January 1998 and December 2011. The search yielded 145 articles. From these articles, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Mother-infant interactions in these studies were found to include verbal and non-verbal communication basic for optimal growth and development of the child. Six kinds of interventions for mother-infant interactions were identified as follows: sensory stimulation, education program, whole body massage, kangaroo care, visiting support, and music therapy. CONCLUSION: Further studies with well designed clinical trials need to be done in the area of child nursing to provide evidence based data for the development of strategies to promote positive mother-infant interactions.
Child ; Education ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Clinical Trial* ; Macropodidae ; Massage ; Mother-Child Relations* ; Music Therapy ; Nursing* ; Parent-Child Relations