Purpose: This study was intended to analyze the contents and effects of Respiratory Rehabilitation Programs (RRP) in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) through a systematic review. Methods: We analyzed English studies across PubMed, CINAHL, and MEDLINE and also analyzed Korean studies across DBPia, NDSL, KISS and RISS from 2009 and 2018. In the paper analysis, two researchers independently analyzed the selected literature and examined the RRP of SCI in 15 elements. Results: Thirteen papers included in this study, which were met the inclusion criteria, were analyzed by classifying the participant's characteristics, types and contents of RRP, indicators of respiratory function, and training tools. The types of RRP were classified into inspiratory muscle training, expiratory muscle training, and combined training. The operation time was basically 4 weeks or more, and the RRP effect was significant when it applied more than 1,000 minutes. Respiratory function test was divided into lung function and respiratory muscle strength. In most studies, lung function index was commonly evaluated, and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) were used most frequently. The training tools were shown as portable devices and equipment. Conclusion This study detailed the contents and effects of RRP for SCI. This finding can help clinical research and development.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the nursing activities of registered nurses working in rehabilitation units, and to investigate the application of the health insurance fee for each nursing practice. Methods: Using the Delphi survey method, nursing activities were analyzed as job-task-task elements. Then, the status of the application of health insurance fees was investigated for the task elements according to National Health Insurance Benefit. Results: 15 jobs, 61 tasks, and 290 task elements were derived as nursing activities in rehabilitation units.According to the opinion by the expert panel, Among the 290 task elements, 166 (57.2%) out of 290 take elements should be accepted as insurance fees (fee agreement CVR≥0.56). However, the health insurance was applied to only 40 items (24.1%) for nursing management fees, 25 items for nursing care (15.1%), and 26 items for other rehabilitation related medical fees (15.7%). 82 items (49.4%) were not covered by insurance, and most educational interventions were not covered. Conclusion To provide high-quality nursing services in rehabilitation units, it is essential to apply an appropriate level of health insurance coverage. Further research to expand the application of medical fees related to rehabilitation and institutional arrangements to obtain recognition of the fees for nursing services are necessary.

PURPOSE: The enhanced expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 receptor (EPs) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) axis is known to play a significant role in the development and progression of several malignancies. To date, little work has been done to investigate the relationships between the COX-2, EPs and ET-1 axis in prostate cancer (PC) cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of preproET-1 (PPET-1), ET-1 receptor A (ET(A)R), and endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) in the PC cell lines and to evaluate the effects of COX-2 and EPs on the expression of PPET-1, ET(A)R, and ECE-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two PC cell lines, PC-3 and DU-145 cells were used for this study. By performing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the mRNA expressions of PPET-1, ET(A)R and ECE-1 were detected, and then the mRNA expressions of PPET-1, ET(A)R and ECE-1 were detected after being treating the cells with selective COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398), or EP2 (butaprost) and EP4 (misoprostol), which are both agonist of 10(-10), 10(-8) and 10(-6)M. RESULTS: PPET-1, ET(A)R and ECE-1 mRNA were expressed in both cell lines. After NS-398 treatment, only the PPET-1 mRNA expression was decreased at 4, 8 and 12 hours in the PC-3 cells. EP2 and EP4 agonist induced an increase for the PPET-1, ET(A)R and ECE-1 mRNA expressions, compared with the NS-398 treated group (control), in the PC-3 cells. CONCLUSIONS: ET-1/ET(A)R and ECE-1, whose expressions are increased by EP2 and EP4, may play key roles in the development and progression of PC via COX-2. A combination treatment with selective inhibitors for COX-2, EPs and ET(A)R would be novel approach to prostate cancer therapy.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra* ; Cell Line ; Cyclooxygenase 2* ; Dinoprostone* ; Endothelin-1 ; Endothelins* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Neoplasms* ; Receptors, Prostaglandin E ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA, Messenger