During the period from May to October 1969, the authors carried out a series of tests with the aim to ascertain the present status of susceptibility of adult cockraoches to various insecticides. The tests on the susceptibility of cockroaches to dieldrin, D.D.V.P., Diazinon; Dibrom, Malathion and lindane were performed with the topical application and the residual film methods under the conditions of 26 degrees C and 80% of relative humidity. The insects tested were collected from Seoul City and were reared at the laboratory. Some of the important results so far obtained can be summarized as follows: The median lethal doses (LD(50)) of the five insecticides against female adult cockroaches were: 0.4 ug/roach or 4.02 ug/body weight (gm) by Dieldrin, 0.29/roach or 2.88 ug/body weight (gm) by D.D.V.P., 0.29 ug/roach or 2.96 ug/body weight (gm) by Diazinon, 0.54 ug/roach or 5.37 ug/body weight (gm) by Dibrom, and 2.96 ug/roach or 29.60 ug/body weight (gm) by Malathion. And those against male adult cockroaches were: 0.18 ug/roach or 3.29 ug/body weight (gm) by Dieldrin, 0.27 ug/roach or 4.89 ug/body weight (gm) by D.D.V.P., 0.16 ug/roach or 2.91 ug/body weight (gm) by Diazinon, 0.49 ug/roach or 8.97 ug/body weight (gm) by Dibrom, and 1.32 ug/roach or 24.19 ug/body weight (gm) by Malathion. The level of susceptibility of adult cockroaches to the insecticides tested was 1.0-1.6 times higher as compared with the results obtained on the Japanese Takashi strain. The median knockdown times (LT(50)) of the female adult cockroaches by insectcides at 1% concentration of 3 mg per square centimetre were 1.82 hours by Malathion, 1.36 hours by Diazinon, 0.56 hours by Lindane, 0.50 hours by Dibrom, and 2.56 hours by D.D.V.P. A marked difference was seen to exist between the males and the females. The female cockroaches were more resistant than the male to Dieldrin, Diazinon and Malathion.
parasitology-arthropoda-cockcroach-Blattella germanica ; chemotherapy ; Dieldrin ; D.D.V.P. ; Diazinon ; Dibrom ; Malathion ; lindane ; resistance

BACKGROUND: In the Republic of Korea, there had been no reports about indigenous malaria cases since 1984 until a vivax malaria case was detected in 1993. Thereafter fram 1993 to 1996, 486 malaria cases were reported. Most of the patients were soldiers in the northern militarized zone. However, since 1997, several patients with malaria were detected in Kang Hwa where there had previously been no report of malaria cases. It is our intent to report the 16 cases diagrnosed in Kang Hwa Community Hospital from January 1, 1997 to August 10, 1998. METHODS: Medical records of the malaria cases from January 1, 1997, to August 10, 1998 in Kang Hwa Community Haspital were reviewed. All of the patients had no histories of traveling abroad, drug abuse or blood transfusion. They were all civilians. Laboratory studies including blood cell count, routine chemistry and platelet-associated IgG(PAIgG) and abdominal sanography were taken. RESULTS: All of the patients were diagnosed with malaria by blood smears. Common symptams were fever(100%), headache(94%), rigors(81%), myaJgia(56%), nausea or vomiting(44%), alternate day fever (25%), left flank pain(19%), diarrhea(13%), and abdominal pain(13%). Splenomegaly was detected in 92% of cases by sonography. Laboratory findings included leukopenia(37.5%), anemia(37.5%) and thrombocytopenia(81.3%). Platelet-associated IgG was elevated in 1 of 5 thrombocytopenic patients who had had the laboratory study performed. All recovered withaut complications. CONCLUSIONS: Cases of indigenous malaria have been progressively increasing in the Republic of Korea. Fortunately, patients responded well to treatment, but continued interest will be required in the future.
Blood Cell Count ; Blood Transfusion ; Chemistry ; Fever ; Hospitals, Community ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Malaria ; Malaria, Vivax ; Medical Records ; Military Personnel ; Nausea ; Republic of Korea ; Splenomegaly ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Thrombocytopenia

This study was carried out in order to examine the urinary excretion of electrolytes (Na, K) and their relationship with blood pressure, and to estimate the amount of daily salt intake in a rural community. From January to March in 1987, a mobile screening team visited 40 villages, and carried out health screening of 537 adult volunteers whose age were over 30 years and collected 12-hours overnight urine. To determine the completeness of collection, the urinary creatinine was measured. If the creatinine excretion was beyond the range given to the age group, the sample was excluded from the analysis as an imcomplete collection; 345 samples were remained for analysis. This study revealed the following results. 1. The mean excretion amounts of urinary electrolytes for 12 hours were Na 193.5 mEq, K 20.8 mEq, creatinine 1.0 g. The mean ratio of electrolytes were Na/K 9.84, Na/creatinine 0.44, K/creatinine 0.046. 2. Both the mean excretion amount of K and the mean ratio of K/creatinine were less in hypertensives than in normotensives. K excretion also showed a tendency towards a decrease in inverse proportion to systolic blood pressure when it exceeded 120 mmHg. There was no significant difference between the hypertensives and normotensives in Na excretion. The sodium to potassium ratio increased in proportion to systolic blood pressure. 3. The meand daily salt excretion amount was 22.4 g. Assuming that 90% of the intake was excreted, the estimated amount of daily salt intake was 24.9 g.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Creatinine ; Electrolytes ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Mass Screening ; Potassium ; Rural Population ; Sodium ; Volunteers

The purpose of this study was to compare the apical microleakage in root canal filled with Resilon by methacrylate-based root canal sealer or 2 different self-adhesive resin cements. Seventy single-rooted extracted human teeth were sectioned at the CEJ perpendicular to the long axis of the roots with diamond disk. Canal preparation was performed with crown-down technique using Profile NiTi rotary instruments and GG drill. Each canal was prepared to ISO size 40, .04 taper and 1 mm short from the apex. The prepared roots were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups of 15 roots each and 5 roots each for positive and negative control group. The root canals were filled by lateral condensation as follows. Group 1: Guttapercha with AH-26, Group 2: Resilon with RealSeal primer & sealer, Group 3: Resilon with Rely-X Unicem, Group 4: Resilon with BisCem. After stored in 37degrees C, 100% humidity chamber for 7 days, the roots were coated with 2 layers of nail varnish except apical 3 mm. The roots were then immersed in 1% methylene blue dye for 7 days. Apical microleakage was measured by a maximum length of linear dye penetration after roots were separated longitudinally. One way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test were performed for statistical analysis. Group 1 showed the least apical leakage and there was no statistical significance between Group 2, 3, 4. According to the results, the self adhesive resin cement is possible to use as sealer instead of primer & sealant when root canal filled by Resilon.
Adhesives ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Bismuth ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Diamond ; Epoxy Resins ; Gutta-Percha ; Humans ; Humidity ; Mandrillus ; Methylene Blue ; Nails ; Paint ; Resin Cements ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Silver ; Titanium ; Tooth ; Tooth Cervix

PURPOSE: Tamoxifen has been well known as an effective anti-tumor agent against breast cancer. The important role of bcl-2 and p53 proteins in tamoxifen-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells has been suggested. However, the paradoxical fact that bcl-2 over-expression is assdegrees Ciated with better prognosis in clinic has not yet been clearly explained. To investigate this paradox, we analyzed the effect and dynamics of bcl-2 and p53 on the apoptosis after treatment of breast cancer cells with tamoxifen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MB MDA-468 were treated with 17-betaestradiol (E2) and tamoxifen. RESULTS: Following tamoxifen treatment, MCF-7 cells underwent apoptosis accompanied by reduced bcl-2 expression. E2 pre-treatment led to the inhibition of tamoxifen-mediated apoptosis and bcl-2 down-regulation. When MB MDA-468 cells were treated with E2 or tamoxifen, bcl-2 and p53 protein expression did not change and apoptosis did not develop. CONCLUSION: We observed that the down-regulation of bcl-2 by tamoxifen treatment can facilitate the apoptosis of breast cancer cells without p53 mutations. This finding was consistent with clinical experiences in which bcl-2 positive tumors were assdegrees Ciated with more indolent phenotypes in breast cancer.
Apoptosis* ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Cell Line* ; Down-Regulation ; Humans* ; MCF-7 Cells ; Phenotype ; Prognosis ; Tamoxifen

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the relation of self-efficacy with environmental factors, personality, and academic achievement in medical students. METHODS: Study subjects consisted of 141 first-year medical students at Korea University Medical School during one academic year (2003~2004). All participants completed a 24-item questionnaire on self-efficacy beliefs, a 16-item questionnaire asking demographic and socioeconomic data, and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Spearman'sorrelation of selfefficacy with other variables was generated. The differences of self-efficacy scores according to the level of satisfaction with school life, total family income per month and the reasons for entering medical college were analyzed by ANOVA. RESULTS: Age and overall satisfaction with school correlated with self-confidence and total family income per month was related to self-regulation. Students who entered medical college due to the socioeconomic stability of medicine showed significantly lower preference for task difficulty than those who had other reasons for entering medical college. The GPAs of premedical studies correlated with self-regulation and the GPAs of Med 1 and the cumulative GPAs of premedical and Med I were related to the preference for task difficulty. CONCLUSION: This result supports that self-efficacy beliefs were related with some environmental factors, personality and academic achievements in medical students.
Humans ; Korea ; Schools, Medical ; Students, Medical* ; Temperament ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: To compare the results of open radical prostatectomy(OP) and robotic prostatectomy(RP) for a single surgeon's experience of 219 radical prostatectomy cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 2002 and June 2007, 133 patients underwent OP and between July 2005 and June 2007, 86 patients underwent RP. To compare the surgeon's experience-related differences, we divided the OP cases into 73 early cases(OP-I) and 60 late cases(OP-II), and the RP cases into 30 early cases(RP-I) and 56 late cases(RP-II). The clinical characteristics, perioperative results, and early clinical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the preoperative characteristics between the four groups. For the RP cases, the mean estimated blood loss was decreased, a normal diet was started earlier, the mean duration of hospital stay and the mean duration of bladder catheterization was shorter than for the OP cases. The frequency of intraoperative complications significantly decreased in the RP-II group as compared to the RP-I group. Although there was no significant statistical difference in the positive surgical margin rates between the four groups, the rates were slightly decreased in the RP-II group. The recovery period of continence was shorter in the RP-II group than in the OP group and for patients 60 years or older, recovery of potency was also better in the RP-II group than the OP group. CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggest that RP at the hands of an experienced surgeon may decrease the positive surgical margin rate to some degree. Additionally, performance of RP may lead to a shorter duration of bladder catheterization and hospital stay and a better recovery of continence and potency than obtainable by OP.

No abstract available.

PURPOSE: Uroflowmetry (UFM) requires at least 125ml to 150ml of urine volume for an adequate interpretation. It is common to repeat UFM in clinical settings because of an insufficient voided volume, which may be induced by increased anxiety. To reduce performing repeated UFMs, we evaluate the usefulness of performing a prevoiding sonographic bladder scan and we determined the anxiety level before performing UFM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled one hundred two patients (mean age: 62.6+/-15.0 years) who visited our clinic due to voiding dysfunction. The bladder volume prior to UFM was measured by an automated bladder scan (Biocon-500(TM), Mcube Technology) when the patients felt a strong fullness sensation. All the patients kept a voiding diary for 3 days, and they underwent the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire, the fullness scale and UFM. RESULTS: The mean prevoiding volume was 307+/-124ml and the mean voided volume was 271+/-129ml. There was a correlation between the prevoiding scan volume and the voided volume: voided volume=17.502+(0.724xprevoiding volume) (r=0.851, p<0.001). Among the 333 patients without a bladder scan and who had UFM performed, 25.8% showed insufficient voided volumes of less than 125ml, and 32.4% showed voided volumes of less than 150ml. However, among the 102 patients who underwent a bladder scan, 9.8% showed insufficient voided volumes of less than 125ml and 12.7% showed voided volumes of less than 150ml (p<0.001). The patients who had a higher state of anxiety than trait anxiety before their UFM revealed a relatively decreased functional bladder capacity (p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Although UFM is simple, the patient may feel embarrassed before test. Anxiety can cause a decreased functional bladder capacity. A prevoiding sonographic bladder scan can reduce the incidence of insufficiently voided UFM.
Anxiety* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Questionnaires ; Sensation ; Ultrasonography* ; Urinary Bladder*

PURPOSE: We assessed the efficacy of radical prostatectomy (RP) in prostate cancer patients with preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels > or = 20 ng/ml and no distant metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 132 prostate cancer patients undergoing RP with preoperative PSA levels > or =20 ng/ml and no distant metastases were reviewed. Sixty-six patients received preoperative neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. Pathologic and clinical outcomes were compared between the groups with PSA of 20-40 ng/ml and > or =40 ng/ml. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences in age, prostate volume, or the frequency of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy between the two groups. The PSA > or =40 ng/ml group had a higher RP Gleason score, tumor stage, and extracapsular extension. After a mean follow-up of 47.0 months, 73 (55.3%) patients had PSA progression with a median time of 37.0 months. Fifty-six patients received adjuvant hormonal therapy, and 19 received salvage external beam radiation therapy. Clinical disease progression developed in 10 patients (7.6%). During follow-up, 8 patients died, 1 of prostate cancer and 7 of other causes. Preoperative PSA was a significant predictor of PSA progression and time to PSA progression after RP, whereas there were no differences in distant metastasis, local recurrence, hormone-refractory prostate cancer progression, and overall or prostate cancer-specific death between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the favorable postoperative outcomes of RP in patients with preoperative PSA > or =20 ng/ml and no distant metastases, we suggest that RP has a role in treating these high-risk prostate cancer patients and that preoperative PSA is a significant predictor of postoperative PSA progression.
Disease Progression ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Neoplasm Grading ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prostate ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatectomy ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Recurrence ; Treatment Outcome