We studied the effects of nonnutritive sucking(NNS) on lingual lipase activity and body weight under bottle feeding with 17 premature infants hospitalized . NNS was applied to nine infants and other eight infants comprised the control group. Pacifiers were applied to the experimental group for 5 minutes before and after bottle feeding. The treatment took approximately 20-25 minutes each time including bottle feeding time and was applied 7 times a day at intervals of 3 hours and for consecutive ten days. Lingual lipase activity and body weight were measured on the first, third, seventh and tenth day. Results and Conclusion : 1. Lingual lipase activity was low at 30 minutes after feeding and then began to increase reaching its highest level at 120 and 180 minutes after the feeding in both group. 2. Lingual lipase activity in the experimental group was not higher than that of the control group on the third, seventh and tenth day. 3. Body weight increased in experimental and control groups as days passed, while it was not significantly different between groups. These results lead to conclusion that among premature infants under bottle feeding, NNS is not effective in increasing the lingual lipase for fat digestion and NNS is not also effective for increasing body weight. The application of NNS to premature infants under bottle feeding needs considerable judgement for promoting well-being of nursing goals.
Body Weight* ; Bottle Feeding* ; Digestion ; Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Lipase* ; Nursing ; Pacifiers ; Child Health

No abstract available.
Humans ; Internship and Residency*

Abdominal aortic aneurysm is included in the differential diagnosis of lower back pain. Although rare, this important disease can cause potentially lethal complications. In this case, expanding abdominal aortic aneurysm coexisted with intervertebral disc extrusion. The diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm was delayed, putting the patient at risk of aneurysmal rupture. In the management of patients with degenerative spinal diseases, we should not overlook the possibility of comorbidities such as an abdominal aortic aneurysm. We also suggest the importance of interpreting images more carefully, especially for elderly male patients.
Aged ; Aneurysm ; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal* ; Comorbidity ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc* ; Low Back Pain ; Male ; Rupture ; Spinal Diseases

Cervical disc herniation is a common disorder characterized by neck pain radiating to the arm and fingers as determined by the affected dermatome. This condition has a favorable prognosis, but pain can have a serious detrimental impact on daily activities. Epidural neuroplasty has been applied as a treatment option for cervical disc herniation; however, no study has addressed the clinical outcomes. This retrospective study evaluated the clinical outcomes of epidural neuroplasty on 128 patients for the treatment of cervical disc herniation. To measure pain-related disabilities over time, the changes of pain scores in neck and arm were evaluated using a numerical rating scale (NRS) and the neck disability index (NDI). Compared with preprocedural values, the pain NRS of neck and arm demonstrated significant improvement at day 1, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the procedure (P < 0.001). Likewise, the NDI was significantly reduced at 3, 6, and 12 months after the procedure (P < 0.001). There were no serious complications. Cervical epidural neuroplasty shows good clinical outcomes in the treatment of cervical disc herniation and can be considered a treatment modality for cervical disc herniation refractory to conservative treatment.
Adult ; Aged ; Amides/administration & dosage ; Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage ; Cervical Vertebrae/*radiography ; Dexamethasone/administration & dosage ; Disability Evaluation ; Epidural Space/radiography ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/therapeutic use ; Injections, Epidural ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/radiography/*surgery ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neck Pain/drug therapy ; Pain/drug therapy ; Pain Measurement ; Questionnaires ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND: Decreased antioxidant defense mechanisms and over-generated free radicals by either normal or aberrant metabolism play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and cancer. And the life style and diet including antioxidant vitamin A and E have been thought an important factor in antioxidant systems. Recently, Total Antioxidant Status kit (TAS; Randox, UK) has been developed for measuring the total antioxidant capacity of blood. So we evaluated the association of life style and total antioxidant capacity in patients with chronic cardiovascular disease. METHODS: Sixty six cases of chronic cardiovascular disease and sixty three normal controls were evaluated. Serum total antioxidant capacity was measured by Hitachi 747 (Hitachi Ltd, Japan) with TAS kit, vitamin A and E were measured by high performance liquid chromatography method, and serum lipid profile by Hitachi 7060 (Hitachi Ltd, Japan). RESULTS: The mean total antioxidant capacity did not show difference between patients and controls. After 3 months, we detected significant increase of total antioxidant capacity, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and mild increase of antioxidant vitamins and significant decrease of total cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein (a). The heavy alcohol consumption group showed significant difference with other groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of total antioxidant capacity for the cardiovascular disease patients was thought to be useful to evaluate oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Alcohol consumption and supplementation with antioxidant vitamins could have an effect on total antioxidant capacity.
Alcohol Drinking ; Antioxidants ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Cholesterol ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Defense Mechanisms ; Diet* ; Free Radicals ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Lipoprotein(a) ; Lipoproteins ; Metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Triglycerides ; Vitamin A ; Vitamins

PURPOSE: Gastric cancer is the most common malignant tumor in Korea. We reviewed the cases at our institution to identify the survival rates and clarify the prognostic factors of patients with gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 6,918 patients who had received a diagnosis of gastric cancer, and they underwent surgery at Korea Cancer Center Hospital during a 15-year period from 1991 to 2005. RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival rate was 66.8%. The univariate analysis revealed that age, location of tumor, gross type of tumor, the histology according to the WHO classification, the Lauren classification, depth of invasion (T stage), lymph node metastasis (N stage), distant metastasis (M stage), the type of surgery, the UICC TNM stage, postoperative complications, adjuvant chemotherapy, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion and perineural invasion were the significantly different factors of the survival rates. The multivariate analysis revealed that age , Borrmann type 4, the histology according to the WHO classification, depth of invasion (T stage), lymph node metastasis (N stage), distant metastasis (M stage), the type of surgery, UICC TNM stage, postoperative complications, adjuvant chemotherapy and lymphatic invasion were the independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: We have shown a statistically significant association between the survival rates after operation for gastric cancer and the clinicopathologic factors. Early diagnosis of gastric cancer, appropriate surgeryand adjuvant therapy might improve the quality of life and the survival rates of gastric cancer patients.
Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Postoperative Complications ; Quality of Life ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Survival Rate

The functional immaturity of PMNs is one of the major causes of overwhelming sepsis in newborns. In this study, we observed functions and surface markers of PMNs to investigate what causes the functional immaturity of PMNs in newborns. As results, the percentage of EA rosette forming PMNs (58.5 +/- 15.5%) and the chemotactic movement (0.14 +/- 0.09 mm) of cord blood PMNs were significantly lower than those of adult peripheral blood PMNs (70.8 +/- 9.9%, 0.60 +/- 0.34 mm). Cord blood PMNs showed decreased glass adherence and ADCC activity. The expression of Fc gamma RII or Fc gamma RIII was a little lower than those of adult peripheral blood PMNs, but the expression of Fc gamma RI (43.1 +/- 26.8%) was significantly higher than that of adult peripheral blood PMNs (3.2 +/- 1.8%). There was a significant difference in LFA-1 expression between EA rosette forming PMNs (92.9 +/- 9.1%) and EA rosette non-forming PMNs (25.6 +/- 22.6%). From these results, it is assumed that neonatal PMNs may consist of heterogeneous populations. And the relatively high percentage of EA rosette non-forming PMNs which express a low level of LFA-1 may be responsible for the functional immaturity of cord blood PMNs.
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity ; Cell Adhesion ; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte ; Fetal Blood/*cytology ; Human ; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/*physiology ; Neutrophils/*physiology ; Receptors, IgG/*physiology ; Rosette Formation

STUDY DESIGN: In vivo study to determine the immune effects to adenoviral vector encoding LMP-1 cDNA in rabbit. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the immune effect of Ad5-LMP-1 in the rabbit during the therapeutic gene transfer. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: One of the major limitations in the use of adenoviral vector for gene therapy is the immune response and it made the poor transduction efficiency when re-administrated. Adenoviral antigen plus those derived from transgene expression in transduced cell contribute to cellular, humoral and non-specific immune response constitutes barriers to successful gene therapy. Therefore, the animal immune model will be mandatory to study the immune impact. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We i.v. injected Ad5-betaGal to total 24adult NZW rabbits; 1x108, 1x109, 1x1010, 1x1011v.p. to each 6 rabbits allowed them to develop immune response. Six non-immunized animals were used as control. Adenovirus antibodies were measured at 0, 4, 8, 16, 20 weeks. Group I. 6 control rabbit underwent spinal arthrodesis at 4 weeks (n=3) and 16 weeks (n=3) with 4 million cells and MOI of 4. Group II. 6 rabbit underwent spinal arthrodesis at 4 weeks after injection of 108 p.f.u virus (n=3) and 16 weeks (n=3). Group III. six 109 immunized rabbits, Group IV. six 1010 immunized rabbits, Group V. six 1011 immunized rabbits, underwent spinal arthrodesis at 4 and 16 weeks after injection. Total anti-Ad Ig and neutralizing antibody titer was measured on the 0. 4. 8, 16, 20 weeks after injection. RESULTS: Group I. All 6 non-immunized rabbits had solid spine fusions at 4 and 16 weeks. Group II. All 3immunized rabbits had not spine fusions at 4 weeks and all three had solid spine fusion at 16 weeks. Group III. None of them (n=6) immunized rabbits had spine fusion at 4 and 16weeks, but some bone formation was observed at 16 weeks. Group IV, V. None of them immunized rabbits had bone formation. The anti-Ad5 Ig and neutralizing Ab were detected and peaked at the 4weeks and significantly dropped off 16 weeks after injection. CONCLUSION: This experiment revealed that a small dose of adenovirus elicited an enough immune response that inhibited the bone formation. Because majority of human posses the Ab against adenovirus, it will be mandatory to overcome immune response in adenoviral vector gene therapy.
Adenoviridae ; Animals* ; Antibodies ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Arthrodesis ; DNA, Complementary ; Genetic Therapy* ; Humans ; Models, Animal* ; Osteogenesis ; Rabbits ; Spinal Fusion* ; Spine ; Transgenes

PURPOSE: We evaluated the feasibility of non-invasive imaging of estrogen receptors (ER) in primary breast cancer with iodine-123-labeled ER specific ligand (17alpha,20E)-21-[123I] iodo-19-nonpregna-1,3,5-(10), 20-tetraene-3, 17-diol using conventional nuclear medicine technique. METHODS: Before they underwent surgical management, planar scintigraphy and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were performed in 18 patients with proven primary breast cancer, after single IV injection of 5~10 mCi I-123-estradiol. The results were compared with those of immunohistochemical staining against ER of the surgical specimens. RESULTS: Planar and SPECT imaging showed hot uptake in nine of eighteen (50%) breast cancer patients. The results of ER immunohistochemistry were all positive in these patients. In the 9 cases of negative scintigraphy, 8 showed negative staining results but one showed positive staining results. Therefore, the overall concordance rate of ER scintigraphy and ER immunohistochemistry was 94.4% (17/18). CONCLUSION: ER scintigraphy using I-123-estradiol is a highly predictable in vivo technique to detect ER-positive breast cancer preoperatively. It has potential application as a re-liable diagnostic modality and indicator of hormone therapy for breast cancer patients.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Estradiol* ; Estrogens* ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Negative Staining ; Nuclear Medicine ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Receptors, Estrogen* ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

PURPOSE: Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG), which retains pyloric ring and gastric function, has been accepted as a function-preserving procedure for early gastric cancer for the prevention of postgastrectomy syndrome. This study was compared laparoscopy-assisted pylorus-preerving gastrectomy (LAPPG) with laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with Billroth-I reconstruction (LADGB I). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between November 2006 and September 2007, 39 patients with early gastric cancer underwent laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy in the Department of Surgery at Korea Cancer Center Hospital. 9 of these patients underwent LAPPG and 18 underwent LADGBI. When LAPPG was underwent, we preserved the pyloric branch, hepatic branch, and celiac branch of the vagus nerve, the infrapyloric artery, and the right gastric artery and performed D1+beta lymphadenectomy to the exclusion of suprapyloric lymph node dissection. The distal stomach was resected while retaining a 2.5~3.0 cm pyloric cuff and maintaining a 3.0~4.0 cm distal margin for the resection. RESULTS: The mean age for patients who underwent LAPPG and LADGBI were 59.9+/-9.4 year-old and 64.1+/-10.0 year-old, respectively. The sex ratio was 1.3:1.0 (male 5, female 4) in the LAPPG group and 2.6:1.0 (male 13, female 5) in the LADGBI group. Mean total number of dissected lymph nodes (28.3+/-11.9 versus 28.1+/-8.9), operation time (269.0+/-34.4 versus 236.3+/-39.6 minutes), estimated blood loss (191.1+/-85.7 versus 218.3+/-150.6 ml), time to first flatus (3.6+/-0.9 versus 3.5+/-0.8 days), time to start of diet (5.1+/-0.9 versus 5.1+/-1.7 days), and postoperative hospital stay (10.1+/-4.0 versus 9.2+/-3.0 days) were not found significant differences (P>0.05). The postoperative complications were 1 patient with gastric stasis and 1 patient with wound seroma in LAPPG group and 1 patient with left lateral segment infarct of liver in the LADGB I group. CONCLUSION: Patients treated by LAPPG showed a comparable quality of surgical operation compared with those treated by LADGBI. LAPPG has an important role in the surgical management of early gastric cancer in terms of quality of postoperative life. Randomized controlled studies should be undertaken to analyze the optimal survival and long-term outcomes of this operative procedure.
Arteries ; Diet ; Female ; Flatulence ; Gastrectomy ; Gastroparesis ; Humans ; Korea ; Length of Stay ; Liver ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Postgastrectomy Syndromes ; Postoperative Complications ; Seroma ; Sex Ratio ; Stomach ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Vagus Nerve