Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of final-year undergraduate nursing students in observing the use of physical restraints on patients in the course of clinical practice. Methods: Three focus group interviews were conducted with 12 Korean nursing students who could provide sufficient information about their observation of physical restraints. The collected data was analyzed through conventional content analysis. Results: The data were classified into four theme clusters, and nine themes. The four theme clusters included ‘recognized as an unavoidable means,’ ‘experienced problems with the use of physical restraints,’ ‘realized the importance of the nurse's role and efforts,’ and ‘aspire to learn about correct use of physical restraints.’ While nursing students recognized the necessities and problems of using physical restraints in clinical practice, and the importance of nurses’ role and effort, the results found that education related to the use of physical restraints should be more systematic within the nursing curriculum. Conclusion This study highlights the necessity of educating nursing students to ensure they acquire accurate knowledge and awareness regarding the use of physical restraints, and suggests the inclusion of systematic guidelines through simulation or extracurricular activities.

Background: Stress as a cause of mental health problems is known to be more prevalent in women than in men and has a negative effect on several aspects of physical health, such as the composition of blood and saliva. This study investigated the relationship of perceived stress with blood cell counts, saliva flow rate, and saliva factors. Methods: We recruited women in their 20s with a high prevalence of stress. Stress was evaluated using the Korean version of the perceived stress scale. Blood tests included white blood cell, hemoglobin, and platelet. We then examined the saliva flow rate and cariogenic bacteria level, acidity, occult blood, buffer capacity, leukocyte level, protein level, and ammonia level using rinse water with the SILL-HaⓇ saliva test system. Results: In a total of 70 participants, the average age was 21.64 years old, the average perceived stress score was 16.96±4.32, and high levels of stress were reported by 80% of the participants (n=56). The high-stress group had lower hemoglobin levels. In addition, the high-stress group showed a lower saliva flow rate than the low-stress group, and there was a difference in the salivary acidity and buffer capacity. The total perceived stress score showed a positive correlation with acidity and negative correlation with buffer capacity and the hemoglobin level. Conclusion This study found that stress in female college students might affect the composition of blood and saliva. High levels of stress were positively correlated with the hemoglobin level, saliva flow rate, and acidity and negatively correlated with the buffer capacity.

PURPOSE: This study has examined effectiveness of a secondhand smoking prevention program for adolescents. METHODS: The study was done in a nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest design. The subjects of the current study were 198 middle school students from K city in the Gyeongbuk province. The students were assigned to an experimental group (100) and participated in the secondhand smoking prevention program or to a control group (98) and did not take part. Data collection was done from June to July 2012. A Chi-square test, independent t-test, paired t test and ANCOVA were used with the SPSS 18.0 program for data analysis. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the groups in knowledge of short-term influence of secondhand smoking (F=9.65, p<.005), knowledge of long-term influence of secondhand smoking (F=15.53, p<.001), verbal coping skills for secondhand smoking prevention (F=16.35, p<.001), behavioral coping skills for secondhand smoking prevention (F=8.49, p<.005), and assertiveness of secondhand smoking prevention (F=17.30, p<.001) measurements. CONCLUSION: The secondhand smoking prevention program delivered to the adolescents is an effective method of encouraging secondhand smoking prevention and can be utilized as an effective nursing intervention for adolescents.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Adolescent* ; Assertiveness ; Data Collection ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Nursing ; Smoking ; Statistics as Topic ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution*

BACKGROUND: Impairment of relaxing response and augmentation of contractile response to vasoactive substances have been reported in atherosclerotic arteries. These alterations in vascular reactivity are considered as an underlying mechanism for the development of acute vasospasm in atherosclerotic coronary artery. Recently, it has been reported that lysophophatidylcholine (LPC), an oxidative metabolite of low density lipoprotein causes this functional abnormality. However, the precise mechanism of LPC induced change of vascular reactivity is still uncertain. METHOD: In this study, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of abnormal vascular reactivity in atherosclerotic coronary artery, we examined the effect of LPC on whole cell K+current using patch clamping technique in rabbit coronary smooth muscle cells. RESULTS: Application of LPC(1microM) showed dual effect on whole cell outward current which depends on the magnitude of test potentials. At relatively high depolarizing test potentials (> 10 mV), LPC increased amplitude of outward current which was blocked by Gd3+ not by iberiotoxin (100 nM) and TEA (1 mM). Reversal potential of this Gd3+sensitive, LPC-induced current was -9.7 +/- 0.6 mV. At less depolarizing test potentials (< 10 mV), LPC decreased whole cell K+currents in a dose dependent manner (from 0.01 to 10 microM) in the range of -30 mV to +0 mV. Half maximal inhibition of K+current was 1.509 microM at 0 mV test potential (n =5). Depolarizing holding potential (0 mV) prevented this LPC-induced inhibition of K+current. Steady state activation and inactivation parameters of K+current were significantly shifted to the positive direction by application of LPC (p < 0.01, n =8). Pretreatment of staurosporine (100 nM), a blocker of protein kinase C partially blocked LPC-induced decrease of K+currents. CONCLUSION: LPC-induced inhibition of voltage dependent K+current may explain abnormal vascular reactivity in atherosclerotic coronary artery.
Arteries ; Constriction ; Coronary Vessels ; Lipoproteins ; Lysophosphatidylcholines* ; Muscle, Smooth* ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle* ; Protein Kinase C ; Staurosporine ; Tea

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting Self Care Behavior in Korean high school students. METHOD: Data were collected from November 9 to December 28, 2003. The participants in this study were 293 students(134 boys, 159 girls), recruited from two High School located in Seoul. Data collection was conducted through the use of Questionnaire that was modified by the investigator. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. The SPSS win 10.0 program was used. RESULTS: The mean of total item score the Self Care Behaviors scales was 3.37, which was slightly low. There was a significant correlation between Self Care Behavior, Hope, Social Support, and Self Care Agency(gamma= .30 ~ .65, p<.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that Self Care Agency was a predictor of Self Care Behavior and accounted for 28% of the variance. Self Care Agency account for 31% of the variance in Self Care Behavior in the high school girls. Self Care Agency and Hope accounted for 27% of the variance in Self Care Behavior in High school boys. CONCLUSION: Self Care Agency accounted for variance in Self Care Behavior in these high school students. Therefore it is necessary to develop nursing interventions to increase Self Care Agency in high school students in order to increase the Self Care Behavior.
Data Collection ; Female ; Hope ; Humans ; Nursing ; Research Personnel ; Self Care* ; Seoul ; Weights and Measures ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Histamine, released from mast cells in atheromatous plaque, has been known to cause cardiac ischemia or sudden cardiac death in atherosclerosis patient. Previous reports have suggested that histamine induced coronary vasoconstriction was due to increase in IP(3) and DAG, which induce release of Ca2+ from SR and increase the Ca2+ sensitivity of contractile element via activation of PKC. Recently, it was reported that application of histamine cause depolarization of intestinal smooth muscle, which may contribute to histamine-induced contraction via augmenting Ca2+ influx through activation of Ca2+ channels. However, the underyling mechanism of histamine-induced depolarization and its contribution to the magnitude of coronary vasoconstriction are still uncertain. METHOD: To elucidate the underlying mechanism of Ca2+ influx change during histamine-induced vasoconstriction, we examined the effect of Ca2+ channel antagonist and PKC blocker on histamine-induced contractions, and then measured the effect of PKC antagonist on whole cell K+ current using patch clamping method in rabbit coronary smooth muscle cells. RESULTS: Application of histamine induced phasic and tonic constraction of coronary rings via activation of H(1) receptors. Pretreatment of Ca2+ channel antagonist (nifedipine, 1 microM) or PKC blockers (10 nM staurosporine and 10 microM Go6976) markedly inhibited histamine-induced tonic contraction, which suggest that the magnitude of tonic contraction depend on the Ca2+ influx. Application of 4-AP, a blocker of voltage-dependent K+ channels, increased resting tone of coronary rings, and combined treatment of nifedipine blocked this 4-AP induced increase of resting tone. Application of active analoge of DAG (1,2-DiC(8)) significantly inhibited the activity of voltage-dependent K+ current in single smooth muscle cell, meanwhile the inactive analogue of DAG (1,3-DiC(8)) has no apparent effect on the activity of voltage-dependent K+ current. Furthermore, pretreatment of calphostin C (1 microM), a blocker of PKC, diminished the 1,2-DiC(8)-induced inhibition of K+ current. CONCLUSION: PKC dependent inhibition of voltage-dependent K+ current may be responsible for the maintaining of histamine-induced tonic contraction in rabbit coronary artery.
Atherosclerosis ; Constriction ; Coronary Vessels* ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Histamine ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Mast Cells ; Muscle, Smooth ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; Nifedipine ; Protein Kinase C ; Staurosporine ; Vasoconstriction

No abstract available.
Mucopolysaccharidosis II*

No abstract available.
Mucopolysaccharidosis II*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of obesity, serum lipids and CRP in Korean adults. The predictors of obesity and serum lipids were the subject's general characteristics, life style, eating habit and nutrients. The predictors of CRP were the subject's general characteristics, life style, eating habit, nutrients, obesity and serum lipids. METHOD: 115 subjects who had visited the health examination center at a hospital participated in the study. The data analysed with descriptive analysis, ANOVA, Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. RESULT: Sex, married, eating out (4< or =/w), eating out (2-3/w) and age (61< or =) were anticipated variable on BMI(R2=0.488). Sex and overeating (2-3/w) were anticipated variable on body fat(R2=0.218). Drink (4-6/w), age (51-60), sex, vegetable fat and Systolic BP were anticipated variable on total cholesterol (R2=0.217). Age (51-60), vegetable fat and unmarried were anticipated variable on LDL (R2=0.180).Sex was anticipated variable on HDL and Triglyceride (R2=0.054, 0.192). Breakfast (1-3/w) and meal (2/d) were anticipated variable on CRP (R2=0.1268). CONCLUSION: It is thought that decreasing eating out and overeating might be important to prevent obesity. It is thought that decreasing drinking and fat eating might be important to improve serum lipids. It is thought that eating breakfast might be important to decrease CRP.
Adult ; Breakfast ; C-Reactive Protein ; Cholesterol ; Drinking ; Eating ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Life Style ; Meals ; Obesity ; Single Person ; Vegetables

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the mediating effect of the nursing work environment in the relationship between job embeddedness and turnover intention of nurses working in long term care hospital. Methods: The study was conducted with 183 nurses working in long term care hospitals. Results: There were significant negative relationships between job embeddedness and turnover intentions. There were significant positive relationships between job embeddedness and nursing work environment. Nursing work environment had a partial mediation effect in job embeddedness and turnover intentions. Conclusion In this study, the nursing work environment had a partial mediated effect in the relationship between job embeddedness and turnover. In order to reduce turnover intention of nurses working in long term care hospital, it is necessary to improve job embeddedness and the nursing work environment.