It is generally accepted that erythropoiesis is controlled by the erythropoietic stimulating factor (erythropoietin) which is believed being produced in the kidney. Among the various causes. hypoxia is one of the most potent one for the stimulation of erythropoietin production in the kidney. This experiment was planned to determine the efficiency of the erythropoietin in the hydronephrotic kidney and the intact or disturbed liver function. Materials and Methods: The mongrel dogs weighing between 10 and 13 kg were used. Group A: A1: hydronephrosis due to bilateral ureteral ligation. A2: hydronephrosis due to bilateral ureteral ligation and testosterone injection. A3: hydronephrosis due to bilateral ureteral ligation and CCI4 intoxication. Group B: B1' bilateral nephrectomy. B2: bilateral nephrectomy and CCI4 intoxication. To observe the chemical constituents and erythropoietic activity blood sample were collected on 2, 4, 6. 8. 10th day after operation in the A group and 1, 2, 3. 4th day after operation in the B group. Chemical constituents were BUN, creatinine and electrolytes. Erythropoietic activity was determined by the incorporation of 59Fe into the red cells of mouse (DeGowin method). The results of the experiments were summarized as follows: 1. The hydronephrosis due to bilateral ureteral ligation induced increase of erythropoietic activities. 2. When testosterone was given in the group of the hydronephrosis due to bilateral ureteral ligation, erythropoietic activity was increased more than in the group of the hydronephrosis only. 3. The most prominent elevation of erythropoietic activities among any other group was confirmed when liver function was disturbed by CCl4 intoxication in the hydronephrotic animals. This marked elevation seemed to be due to the disturbance of the liver function which inactivated or destroyed erythropoietin. 4. Erythropoietin activity was decreased in the group of bilateral nephrectomy. 5. Erythropoietin activity was much less in the bilateral nephrectcmized group when liver was damaged by CCI. injection. The erythropoietic stimulation was ineffective in the nephrectomized animals. 6. Testosterone injection decreased the BUN and creatinine level in the uremic animals due to nephrectomy. 7. Pathological findings revealed mild hydronephrotic changes in the group of ureteral ligation by. testosterone injection, and mild degree of necrosis and severe fibrosis in the interstitial tissue of the kidney, and fatty changes and focal central necrosis of the liver due to CCl4 injection.
Animals ; Anoxia ; Creatinine ; Dogs ; Electrolytes ; Erythropoiesis ; Erythropoietin* ; Fibrosis ; Hydronephrosis ; Kidney ; Ligation* ; Liver ; Mice ; Necrosis ; Nephrectomy* ; Testosterone ; Ureter*

No abstract available.
Adolescent* ; Humans ; Intention* ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking*

No abstract available.
Sclerosis*

No abstract available.
Apoptosis ; Erythropoietin* ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic*

Background: Many countries need help with the problem of an unbalanced distribution of physicians and hospitals. Moreover, various policies and strategies have been proposed to solve this problem. This study aimed to examine the determinants of the unbalanced distribution of physicians. Methods: From the 2020 Korean Physician Survey data, 4,181 physicians practicing in Korea were limited to the subjects of the study. We analyzed the factors influencing physicians’ choice of practice location and their willingness to change their practice location from an urban to a rural area. Results: The region of physicians’ hometown, medical school, and residency training hospitals determined their choice of practice location. The type of affiliated healthcare organization and the location of physicians’ hometown, medical school, and residency training hospitals affected their willingness to change their practice location from an urban to a rural area. Furthermore, the concordance rate of the regions of physicians’ hometown, medical school, and residency training hospitals with the region of their practice location was 24.9%. Conclusion In South Korea, policies for doctors have been designed without considering why they are reluctant to work in rural hospitals. To have a balanced distribution of physicians and hospitals, it is necessary to accurately analyze the status of medical resources based on regions and identify the current and future medical demand. The social situation, such as future demographic change and regional extinction, must also be fully considered. Furthermore, policies should be implemented that encourage physicians to work in rural hospitals.

No abstract available.
Lymphoma*

Blood utilization review has recently been used to minimize inappropriate transfusion, reduce post transfusion infections and improve the quality of transfusion practices. Ajou University Hospital is a 906 bed tertiary care teaching institution. Since March, 1995, the concurrent review of blood transfusion requests using institutional blood transfusion criteria has been initiated. To evaluate the effectiveness of the transfusion review, the units of blood components transfused per patient(total number of units of blood components transfused/total number of patients discharged) and inappropriate transfusion ratio of blood components(total number of units of blood components inappropriately transfused/total number of units of blood components transfused) were compared during the concurrent review for 9 months and pre-concurrent review for 9 months, respectively. The possible savings of blood components realized by the review were also extrapolated. The results were as follows : 1. The unit transfused per patient for pre-review and during review were 0.675 (9,080/ 13,422) and 0.654(12,123/18,546) for packed RBC(PRBC); 0.417 (5,602/ 13,422) and 0.296 (5,444/18,546) for fresh frozen plasma(FFP); 0.372(5,007/13,422) and 0.424(7,868/18,546) for platelet con-centrates(PC), respectively. 2. The inappropriate transfusion ratio of blood components for pre-review and during review were 0.039 and 0.009 for PRBC; 0.321 and 0.064 for FFP; 0.143 and 0.008 for PC, respectively. These differences were statistically significant(p=0.000). 3. The PRBC and FFP anticipated to have been saved by this review was 519 units and 2,992 units annually, respectively. 4. However, 2,621 units of PC were used additionaly during this review due to increased number of oncology patients and better hemostatic therapy practiced during the same period. In conclusion, the concurrent review of transfusion requests was very effective tool to educate residents in clinical departments the transfusion medicine and improve utilization of blood and its components.
Blood Platelets ; Blood Transfusion* ; Concurrent Review* ; Humans ; Income ; Tertiary Healthcare ; Transfusion Medicine ; Utilization Review

In a large proportion of patients with chronic urticaria, at present, the definite tiology can't be found. There have been occasional attempts to identify the aIIergic causes uaing allergic skin tests, only ta suggest the Candicla albicans and. some food yeasts ae probabIe causes. Thia atady was designed to investgate how often patients with chronic urticaria from Chonnam Province react positively to skin tests with extracts of 42 common. allergene in the standard group Al-13 produced by Bencard Ltd. in England. The authora alao surveyed the clinical characteristics of 63 patients with chronic urtimria of more than 3 months duration, who bad visited the skin clinic of Chosun Univeresity HcepitaI from May. 1977 throug 3. Apr. 1979. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Among 63 patients, the maIe to female ratio was 1: l.2, and the peak incidence was in the 20s and 30s. 2, In regard to the duration of chroic urticaria, the highst frequency waa below one year duration. 3. Among 60s of the pa,tients who experienced seasonal changes, 32.4% had suffered aggravation during the winter. 4. The most common diseases combined with chronic urticaria were allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, occuring in 9.5% of all subjects. 5. Of thase examined, 69.8% showed positive reactions to the prick test with the peak incidence in the 20s and 30s. 6. Among 42 allergens used far the prick test, 28 allergens turned out to be possibly casal agents, the rnost frequent group of allergens involved were grain du sts (27.1%), animal hairs(21.8%) and moulds(16.5%) in that order of frequency and occupying over 65% of the total positive reactions. And the most frequently involved specific allergens were hay dust, mixed grain dust straw dust and tree in that order of frequency. Moreover, 90 of the involved allergens were inhalants. 7. In teen-agers, the reactions to grain dusts, animal ha.irs, rnoulds and pollens were the rnost frequent while reactions to food allergens were most frequent in the 20s, and cotton and house dust are most frequently involved in tbe 40s. 8. Multiple sensitivity was not:d in a majority of cases and the most frequent combination was 2 to 5 allergens. 9. The rnost common abnormal hematologic finding in chronic urticaria was eosinophilia.
Allergens ; Animals ; Edible Grain ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Dust ; England ; Eosinophilia ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jeollanam-do ; Pollen ; Rhinitis ; Seasons ; Skin ; Skin Tests ; Urticaria* ; Yeasts

The term "pineal anlage tumor" has been recently proposed and few cases have been reported. We report the first Korean case of pineal anlage tumor in a 6-year-old girl who complained of headache and vomiting for 2 months. Brain MRI revealed a well defined, lobulated, calcifying mass in the pineal region. Tumor was totally removed. Pathological examination revealed a primitive pineal parenchymal tumor with melanotic epithelial component that was similar to histologic findings of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, so-called retinal anlage tumor and of the developing pineal gland. The tumor was composed mostly of small, undifferentiated cells, Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes, and ganglionic differentiation. The tumor also contained the cartilage and skeletal muscle cells.
Brain ; Cartilage ; Child ; Female ; Ganglion Cysts ; Headache ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Neuroectodermal Tumor, Melanotic ; Pineal Gland ; Pinealoma ; Vomiting

A clinical case of huge hemangioma of the left kidney is reported. The pathologic findings are described. A considerably greater incidence of left kidney involvement was found in review of the literature, including our case. The present case is the eighty-eight such occurrence recorded.
Hemangioma* ; Incidence ; Kidney*