It is generally accepted that erythropoiesis is controlled by the erythropoietic stimulating factor (erythropoietin) which is believed being produced in the kidney. Among the various causes. hypoxia is one of the most potent one for the stimulation of erythropoietin production in the kidney. This experiment was planned to determine the efficiency of the erythropoietin in the hydronephrotic kidney and the intact or disturbed liver function. Materials and Methods: The mongrel dogs weighing between 10 and 13 kg were used. Group A: A1: hydronephrosis due to bilateral ureteral ligation. A2: hydronephrosis due to bilateral ureteral ligation and testosterone injection. A3: hydronephrosis due to bilateral ureteral ligation and CCI4 intoxication. Group B: B1' bilateral nephrectomy. B2: bilateral nephrectomy and CCI4 intoxication. To observe the chemical constituents and erythropoietic activity blood sample were collected on 2, 4, 6. 8. 10th day after operation in the A group and 1, 2, 3. 4th day after operation in the B group. Chemical constituents were BUN, creatinine and electrolytes. Erythropoietic activity was determined by the incorporation of 59Fe into the red cells of mouse (DeGowin method). The results of the experiments were summarized as follows: 1. The hydronephrosis due to bilateral ureteral ligation induced increase of erythropoietic activities. 2. When testosterone was given in the group of the hydronephrosis due to bilateral ureteral ligation, erythropoietic activity was increased more than in the group of the hydronephrosis only. 3. The most prominent elevation of erythropoietic activities among any other group was confirmed when liver function was disturbed by CCl4 intoxication in the hydronephrotic animals. This marked elevation seemed to be due to the disturbance of the liver function which inactivated or destroyed erythropoietin. 4. Erythropoietin activity was decreased in the group of bilateral nephrectomy. 5. Erythropoietin activity was much less in the bilateral nephrectcmized group when liver was damaged by CCI. injection. The erythropoietic stimulation was ineffective in the nephrectomized animals. 6. Testosterone injection decreased the BUN and creatinine level in the uremic animals due to nephrectomy. 7. Pathological findings revealed mild hydronephrotic changes in the group of ureteral ligation by. testosterone injection, and mild degree of necrosis and severe fibrosis in the interstitial tissue of the kidney, and fatty changes and focal central necrosis of the liver due to CCl4 injection.
Animals ; Anoxia ; Creatinine ; Dogs ; Electrolytes ; Erythropoiesis ; Erythropoietin* ; Fibrosis ; Hydronephrosis ; Kidney ; Ligation* ; Liver ; Mice ; Necrosis ; Nephrectomy* ; Testosterone ; Ureter*

No abstract available.
Adolescent* ; Humans ; Intention* ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking*

No abstract available.
Apoptosis ; Erythropoietin* ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic*

No abstract available.
Sclerosis*

Background: Many countries need help with the problem of an unbalanced distribution of physicians and hospitals. Moreover, various policies and strategies have been proposed to solve this problem. This study aimed to examine the determinants of the unbalanced distribution of physicians. Methods: From the 2020 Korean Physician Survey data, 4,181 physicians practicing in Korea were limited to the subjects of the study. We analyzed the factors influencing physicians’ choice of practice location and their willingness to change their practice location from an urban to a rural area. Results: The region of physicians’ hometown, medical school, and residency training hospitals determined their choice of practice location. The type of affiliated healthcare organization and the location of physicians’ hometown, medical school, and residency training hospitals affected their willingness to change their practice location from an urban to a rural area. Furthermore, the concordance rate of the regions of physicians’ hometown, medical school, and residency training hospitals with the region of their practice location was 24.9%. Conclusion In South Korea, policies for doctors have been designed without considering why they are reluctant to work in rural hospitals. To have a balanced distribution of physicians and hospitals, it is necessary to accurately analyze the status of medical resources based on regions and identify the current and future medical demand. The social situation, such as future demographic change and regional extinction, must also be fully considered. Furthermore, policies should be implemented that encourage physicians to work in rural hospitals.

No abstract available.
Lymphoma*

In a large proportion of patients with chronic urticaria, at present, the definite tiology can't be found. There have been occasional attempts to identify the aIIergic causes uaing allergic skin tests, only ta suggest the Candicla albicans and. some food yeasts ae probabIe causes. Thia atady was designed to investgate how often patients with chronic urticaria from Chonnam Province react positively to skin tests with extracts of 42 common. allergene in the standard group Al-13 produced by Bencard Ltd. in England. The authora alao surveyed the clinical characteristics of 63 patients with chronic urtimria of more than 3 months duration, who bad visited the skin clinic of Chosun Univeresity HcepitaI from May. 1977 throug 3. Apr. 1979. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Among 63 patients, the maIe to female ratio was 1: l.2, and the peak incidence was in the 20s and 30s. 2, In regard to the duration of chroic urticaria, the highst frequency waa below one year duration. 3. Among 60s of the pa,tients who experienced seasonal changes, 32.4% had suffered aggravation during the winter. 4. The most common diseases combined with chronic urticaria were allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, occuring in 9.5% of all subjects. 5. Of thase examined, 69.8% showed positive reactions to the prick test with the peak incidence in the 20s and 30s. 6. Among 42 allergens used far the prick test, 28 allergens turned out to be possibly casal agents, the rnost frequent group of allergens involved were grain du sts (27.1%), animal hairs(21.8%) and moulds(16.5%) in that order of frequency and occupying over 65% of the total positive reactions. And the most frequently involved specific allergens were hay dust, mixed grain dust straw dust and tree in that order of frequency. Moreover, 90 of the involved allergens were inhalants. 7. In teen-agers, the reactions to grain dusts, animal ha.irs, rnoulds and pollens were the rnost frequent while reactions to food allergens were most frequent in the 20s, and cotton and house dust are most frequently involved in tbe 40s. 8. Multiple sensitivity was not:d in a majority of cases and the most frequent combination was 2 to 5 allergens. 9. The rnost common abnormal hematologic finding in chronic urticaria was eosinophilia.
Allergens ; Animals ; Edible Grain ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Dust ; England ; Eosinophilia ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jeollanam-do ; Pollen ; Rhinitis ; Seasons ; Skin ; Skin Tests ; Urticaria* ; Yeasts

BACKGROUND: In previous our retrospective study, we concluded that administered fluid volume, duration of operation, operative procedures and anesthetic techniques were the major factors of postoperative urinary retention. However, the administered fluid volume, age, types and duration of the operation confined to hemorrhoidectomy was questioned as a precipitating factor. The high retention rate in spinal anesthesia is also questioned. METHODS: We investigated these possible precipitating factors of urinary retention in healthy patients (n=154) undergoing hemorrhoidectomy. The patients were randomly divided into three different anesthetic techniques: caudal (2% lidocaine 300 mg with 1 : 200,000 epinephrine), spinal (0.5% tetracaine 5 mg with epinephrine 0.1 mg or 5% lidocaine 40 mg) and general (enflurane, N2O, vecuronium). Urinary retentin was searched according to above factors following surgery. RESULTS: The overall urinary retention rate was 46.1%. The retention rate in patients with spinal anesthesia was higher than that in those with other anesthetic techniques (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between patients with lidocaine and tetracaine spinal anesthesia in urinary retention rate. The administered fluid volume in patients with urinary retention was significantly higher than that of patients without retention (p<0.05). Age, duration and types of hemorrhoidectomy did not significantly affect urinary retention rate. CONCLUSIONS: Restriction of fluid administration and avoidance of spinal anesthesia are necessary in reducing postoperative urinary retention following hemorrhoidectomy.
Anesthesia, Spinal ; Epinephrine ; Hemorrhoidectomy* ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Precipitating Factors ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; Tetracaine ; Urinary Retention*

No abstract available.
Asthma* ; Atrial Natriuretic Factor* ; Egg Hypersensitivity* ; Ovum*

A case of Ramsay Hunt syndrome, though more often seen at the ENT clinic because of the patients' concern with symptoms in the ear, was seen and treated at the Dermatologic Clinic of Chosun University. A 29 year old male patient presented earache, pinhead to rice sized erythematous vesicular eruption on the external auditory canal, auricle and superior auricular area, and facial paralysis, all involving the right side of the face, duration of which were 7 days, 5 days and 1 day respectiveIy. High doses of prednisolone alone made it possible to remit the otalgia, control the vesicular eruption and resolute the facial paralysis almost completely within 18 days in the order of their appearance, indicating that this is one of the more easily treated diseases for dermatologists, The 22 cases of this syndrome reported in Korean literature were reviewed and the conceptual development of its pathogenesis and definition was described.
Adult ; Ear ; Ear Canal ; Earache ; Facial Paralysis ; Herpes Zoster Oticus* ; Humans ; Male ; Prednisolone