PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of schoolbags and the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among elementary school children and to identify factors associated with relative schoolbag weight and musculoskeletal symptoms. METHODS: A descriptive correlation study was conducted with 228 elementary school children in grades 4-6. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, chi2-test or Fisher's exact test, logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Mean relative schoolbag weight (RSW) was 6.40%. Among participants, 13.2% carried more than 10% of their RSW. Only 49.6% of participants organized the contents in their school backpack correctly. Musculoskeletal symptoms were reported by 42.5% of participants. Results from logistic regression analysis identified grade was a significant factor predicting RSW, and gender, RSW, and using a locker were significant factors predicting musculoskeletal symptoms among schoolchildren. CONCLUSION: Although RSW of school children in this study was within the currently recommended load limit, a considerable proportion of school children were not following guidelines for safe schoolbag use. An effective schoolbag safety campaign for parents, students, and teachers needs to be developed and evaluated to prevent possible musculoskeletal symptoms related to schoolbag use.
Child* ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Musculoskeletal Pain ; Parents ; Prevalence ; Statistics as Topic

No abstract available.
Animals ; Brain* ; Mice* ; RNA, Messenger*

No abstract available.
Castration ; Granuloma ; Granuloma, Foreign-Body

PURPOSE: Tonsillectomy is a very common surgical procedure, particularly in children. The purpose of this study was to identify current evidence in nursing research on pediatric tonsillectomy by analyzing and evaluating Korean nursing studies related to pediatric tonsillectomy. METHODS: An integrative literature review of Korean pediatric tonsillectomy research was conducted. Databases were searched to identify research that related to nursing care for pediatric tonsillectomy children. RESULTS: Of the 115 studies identified, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. All studies were experimental studies and most of those studies had a quasi experimental design. No correlational studies or qualitative studies were found. Providing nursing information and education for children and their mothers at pre, during, and post tonsillectomy by pediatric nurses were found to be effective in reducing children's pain and anxiety and their mother's anxiety and uncertainty, and increasing children's appropriate sick role behaviors and their mother's satisfaction with nursing services provided and knowledge related to tonsillectomy. CONCLUSION: Although most studies reported positive effects in terms of post tonsillectomy outcomes, lack of methodological rigor limits the current evidences for pediatric tonsillectomy nursing interventions. Greater attention to improve methodological rigor for Korean research on pediatric tonsillectomy is needed.
Anxiety ; Child ; Education ; Humans ; Mothers ; Nursing Care ; Nursing Research ; Nursing Services ; Nursing* ; Parents ; Pediatric Nursing ; Research Design ; Sick Role ; Tonsillectomy* ; Uncertainty

Tuberculosis of thyroid gland is rare. We experienced a case of tuberculosis of the thyroid gland with contralateral lymph node enlargement in a 45-year-old female patient. She had no clinical respiratory symptom and no weight change. Thyroid sonography demonstrated 5.4 × 3.8 mm sized round low echogenic mass on lower pole of left thyroid gland and right cervical lymph node enlargement. Core needle biopsy of thyroid showed epithelioid chronic granuloma in the caseous necrosis. She was administrered anti-tuberculosis therapy for 24 weeks. After medication, thyroid sonographic finding improved and thyroid mass and right cervical lymph node enlargement disappeared.
Biopsy, Large-Core Needle* ; Diagnosis* ; Female ; Granuloma ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes* ; Middle Aged ; Necrosis ; Thyroid Gland* ; Tuberculosis* ; Ultrasonography

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most-common cause of neurodegenerative dementia, and it is characterized by abnormal amyloid and tau accumulation, which indicates neurodegeneration. AD has mostly been diagnosed clinically. However, ligand-specific positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, such as amyloid PET, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are needed to accurately diagnose AD, since they supplement the shortcomings of clinical diagnoses. Using biomarkers that represent the pathology of AD is essential (particularly when disease-modifying treatment is available) to identify the corresponding pathology of targeted therapy and for monitoring the treatment response. Although imaging and CSF biomarkers are useful, their widespread use is restricted by their high cost and the discomfort during the lumbar puncture, respectively. Recent advances in AD blood biomarkers shed light on their future use for clinical purposes. The amyloid β (Aβ)42/Aβ40 ratio and the concentrations of phosphorylated tau at threonine 181 and at threonine 217, and of neurofilament light in the blood were found to represent the pathology of Aβ, tau, and neurodegeneration in the brain when using automatic electrochemiluminescence technologies, single-molecule arrays, immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, etc. These blood biomarkers are imminently expected to be incorporated into clinical practice to predict, diagnose, and determine the stage of AD. In this review we focus on advancements in the measurement technologies for blood biomarkers and the promising biomarkers that are approaching clinical application.We also discuss the current limitations, the needed further investigations, and the perspectives on their use.

Proper seat belt use saves lives; however, the use rate decreased in Korea. This study aimed to measure the magnitude of the preventive effect of seat belt on case-fatality across drivers and passengers. We used the Emergency Department based Injury In-depth Surveillance (EDIIS) database from 17 EDs between 2011 and 2012. All of adult injured patients from road traffic injuries (RTI) in-vehicle of less than 10-seat van were eligible, excluding cases with unknown seat belt use and outcomes. Primary and secondary endpoints were in-hospital mortality and intracranial injury. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of seat belt use and driving status for study outcomes adjusting for potential confounders. Among 23,698 eligible patients, 15,304 (64.6%) wore seat belts. Driver, middle aged (30-44 yr), male, daytime injured patients were more likely to use seat belts (all P < 0.001). In terms of clinical outcome, no seat belt group had higher proportions of case-fatality and intracranial injury compared to seat belt group (both P < 0.001). Compared to seat belt group, AORs (95% CIs) of no seat belt group were 10.43 (7.75-14.04) for case-fatality and 2.68 (2.25-3.19) for intracranial injury respectively. In the interaction model, AORs (95% CIs) of no seat belt use for case-fatality were 11.71 (8.45-16.22) in drivers and 5.52 (2.83-14.76) in non-driving passengers, respectively. Wearing seat belt has significantly preventive effects on case-fatality and intracranial injury. Public health efforts to increase seat belt use are needed to reduce health burden from RTIs.
Accidents, Traffic/mortality/*prevention & control ; Adult ; Aged ; Craniocerebral Trauma/prevention & control ; Databases, Factual ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Vehicles ; Odds Ratio ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Seat Belts/*utilization ; Young Adult

This study aimed to measure the thickness of the epithelium and lamina propria of the palatal mucosa and to elucidate the location of the greater palatine artery to provide the anatomical basis for subepithelial connective tissue grafting. Thirty-two maxillary specimens, taken from the canine distal area to the first molar distal area, were embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The thickness of the epithelium and lamina propria of the palatal mucosa was measured at three positions on these specimens, starting from 3 mm below the alveolar crest and in 3-mm intervals. The location of the greater palatine artery was evaluated by using image-processing software. The mean epithelial thickness decreased significantly in the posterior teeth; it was 0.41, 0.36, 0.32, and 0.30 mm in the canine, first premolar, second premolar, and first molar distal areas, respectively. The lamina propria was significantly thicker in the canine distal; it was 1.36, 1.08, 1.09, and 1.05 mm, respectively. The mean length from the alveolar crest to the greater palatine artery increased toward the posterior molar; it was 7.76, 9.21, 10.93, and 11.28 mm, respectively. The mean depth from the surface of the palatal mucosa to the greater palatine artery decreased from the canine distal to the first premolar distal but increased again toward the posterior molar; it was 3.97, 3.09, 3.58, and 5.50 mm, respectively. Detailed histological assessments of the lamina propria of the palatal mucosa and the greater palatine artery are expected to provide useful anatomical guidelines for subepithelial connective tissue grafting.
Arteries ; Bicuspid ; Connective Tissue ; Epithelium ; Molar ; Mucous Membrane ; Paraffin ; Transplants

Primary antiphopholipid syndrome (APS) is a disease producing vascular thrombus with antiphospholipid antibody without association with autoimmune diseases as systemic lupus erythematosus. Retinal vein occlusion is a rare vascular manifestation in primary APS. We describe 2 cases of primary APS presenting with developing blurred vision. Each had central retinal vein occlusion and high titer of IgG anticardiolipin antibody.
Adult ; Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/analysis ; Antiphospholipid Syndrome/*complications/immunology ; Case Report ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Retinal Vein Occlusion/*etiology/immunology

OBJECTIVE: It is important to identify and treat ADHD children early to prevent secondary academial and emotional problem. The Purpose of this study is to investigate the reliability and validity of Korean parent and teacher ADHD Rating Scale. METHOD: First to sixth graders in two elementary schools in Anyang City participated in this study. Teachers and parents completed ADHD Rating Scale. Additionally parents completed K-CBCL and Conners scale. Descriptive statistics, correlation, t-test and analysis of variance were performed. RESULT: A total of 1044 students participated in this study. Correlation of rater reliabilities between parent and teacher was significantly close. And Internal consistency by age was high. As correlations among ARS, K-CBCL, Conners scale were high, the ARS scores can be validated. CONCLUSION: Korean parent and teacher ADHD Rating Scale has high reliability and validity. This scale will be a useful tool for ADHD evaluations and diagnosis. A study of comparing clinical groups is suggested.
Child ; Diagnosis ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Parents* ; Reproducibility of Results*