Recently, the oncogene and tumor suppressor gene have been recognized as important factors that is contribute to conversion and progression from normal cell to cnacer one. In the current study, expression rates of c-erbB-2 and p53 oncoprotein were analysed in biopsy tissues of uterine cervix to learn whether the expression rates of p53 and c-erbB-2 were related with prognostic factors. The c-erbB-2 and p53 expression rates of group with invasive cervical carcinoma versus control group were 53.6% vs 17.7% and 51.4% vs 9.7%, respectively. There was stastically significant elevation of e-erbB-2 and p53 oncogene expression in patients with invasive cervical carcinoma(p < 0.01). In comparison of invasive cervical carcinoma with CIN, there were stastically significant differences in p53 expression rates(51.4% vs 28.9%) and c-erbB-2 expression rates(53.6% vs 20.2%) and co-expression rates(31.1% vs 6.8%)(p < 0.01). Also in CIN patients, CIN III group showed statistically significant elevation than CIN I and CIN II group(p < 0.01). Among histologic cell types, the expression rate of p53 was higher in sqamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma. Except for the expression rate of p53 according to histologic cell type, no statistical difference in expression rates of c-erbB-2 and p53 were found according to age, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis in invasive cervical carcinoma(p > 0.05). In conlcusion, c-erbB-2 and p53 oncoprotein are thought to be possible factors in the carcinogenesis of cervical carcinoma and correlate with progression of it. But continuous analysis and follow up of 5 year survival are desirable to determine the role as prognostic factor and correlation with prognostic factors.
Adenocarcinoma ; Biopsy ; Carcinogenesis ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia* ; Cervix Uteri ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oncogenes*

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to develop and apply a prevention program for needle-stick injuries among health care workers who have a high occupational risk of such injuries, and to analyze the effect of the program on the subjects' knowledge regarding such injuries and compliance with protocols, as well as the incidence of needle-stick injuries among subjects. METHODS: The subjects of this study were nurses (RNs) and nurse's aides (NAs) working at a university hospital in Daegu. The data were collected by conducting surveys and determining the incidence of needle-stick injuries during a 1-year period before the application of the program. The program consisted of preventive education on needle-stick injury, the use of standardized boxes to measure blood sugar test, and the use of intravenous catheters with safety needles. Six months after the intervention, surveys were conducted to analyze the incidence of needle-stick injuries. The data on knowledge and compliance related to needle-stick injuries before and after program application were analyzed using the paired t-test, and data on the incidence of injuries were analyzed using the chi-square test. RESULTS: The scores on knowledge (RN, P<0.001; NA, P=0.007) and compliance (RN, P<0.001; NA, P=0.038) were significantly higher after the intervention than before. However, the number of reports on the incidence of needle-stick injuries before and after the intervention were not significantly different (RN, P=0.691; NA, P=0.079). CONCLUSION: The prevention program for needle-stick injuries was effective in improving the knowledge and compliance related to needle-stick injuries among RNs and NAs, but the number of reports on the incidence of injuries showed no difference. Therefore, the prevention program must be reevaluated and further developed after continuously monitoring and analyzing it in a hospital setting in order to decrease the incidence of needle-stick injuries.
Blood Glucose ; Catheters ; Compliance ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Incidence ; Needles ; Needlestick Injuries ; Nurses' Aides ; Plant Extracts

PURPOSE: This study was done to provide data that would contribute to effective task performance in clinical nursing and development of nursing professional by understanding job stress, job satisfaction and organizational commitment according to Life Organization (LIFO) behavior types of novice nurses. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional survey and the participants were 313 novice nurses who worked in one university hospital located in the city of Gwangju. Data were collected through the structured questionnaires that included general characteristics, job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment scales. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 19.0. RESULTS: Regarding job stress according to LIFO behavior types of novice nurses, there were statistically significant differences between the favorable situation and the unfavorable situation. There were also statistically significant differences regarding the organizational commitment according to LIFO behavior types. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a difference in behavior patterns of novice nurses that suggest a need for education in order to reduce stress from the job and enhance organizational commitment by developing each nurse's preferred pattern and compensating for unfavorable patterns, as well. There also needs to be nursing resources that take into consideration behavior patterns of novice nurses.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Education ; Gwangju ; Job Satisfaction* ; Nursing ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Weights and Measures

Metastatic disease involving the thyroid gland is uncommon. Thyroid metastases has been previously described from several primary cancers of lung, breast, and kidney. Because of the lower incidence and ambiguous clinical significance, it is not easy to consider thyroid metastasis and decide the optimal time for performing diagnostic examination. Here, we reported two cases of metastatic diseases of thyroid in patients who had underlying Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a 39-year-old woman who had thyroid metastasis of breast cancer with underlying Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and a 44-year-old woman with metastatic lung cancer.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of anxiety for the mothers of leukemic children and to provide the fundamental data for the better performance of caring to them. The subject were 292 mothers : 100 mothers whose children had a leukemia, 80 mothers whose children had taken a tonsillectomy, 112 mothers whose children with medical disease except cancer. The data were collected through the state-Trait Anxiety Inventory of Spilberger and analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test. The results were as follows ; 1. The state anxiety mean score of mothers with leukemic children was 54.16. 2. The state anxiety of mothers with leukemic children was higher than that of the rest (F=8.00, P=0.0004). 3. There was no significant difference in anxiety of mothers with leukemic children in relation to leukemic children's and their mother's general characteristics.
Anxiety* ; Child* ; Humans ; Leukemia ; Mothers* ; Tonsillectomy ; Child Health

OBJECTIVES: Cadmium (Cd), a toxic and non-essential metal, is recognized as a human carcinogen, which has a tendency to accumulate in the human body. The levels of Cd in renal cortex and liver are good indicators as an index of Cd exposure in the general population. In this study, we present an estimation of reference Cd levels in tissue (renal cortex and liver) and total body burden in the general population of Korea. MEDTHODS: Cd and zinc (Zn) were analyzed in renal cortex and liver from 254 autopsies (male : 188 cases, female : 66 cases) aged 0 to 87 years. RESULTS: Geometric mean concentration of Cd was 27.4 and 3.1 ua/g wet weight in renal cortex and liver, respectively. The level of Zn in renal cortex and liver was 35.4 and 42. 6 v/g wet weight, respectively. The result suggests that kidney is the target organ for Cd accumulation. The accumulation of Cd in renal cortex was age-dependent with a biphasic pattern. The level of Cd in renal cortex increased with age up to the fifties, and then leveled off thereafter. Based on the data, the regression model for Cd accumulation in renal cortex by age is predicted by : Log KCd = 0. 2325 + 0. 0553 Age 0. 0005 Age. The highest Cd accumulation in renal cortex of Koreans was estimated at 43. 3 ua/g wet weight at 50. 8 years old. In addition, the total Cd body burden by age was estimated by the following equation: Total Cd Body Burden = -4. 5948 + l. 2278 Age - 0. 0121 Age. The highest body burden of Cd was estimated at 26. 5 mg at age 50. 7 years in the Korean general population. The positive correlation between Zn and Cd was observed in renal cortex and liver. CONCLUSIONS: The level of Cd exposure in Korean was found to be lower than in Japanese, but same as or higher than in American and Europeans.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Autopsy ; Body Burden ; Cadmium* ; Child ; Female ; Human Body ; Humans ; Kidney Cortex ; Kidney* ; Korea ; Liver* ; Reference Values* ; Zinc

Plasma carotenoid levels were compared among 64 healthy male subjects (control) and 38 patients of ischemic heart disease(IHD) and 20 ones of cerebral infarction(CI) all of whom were over 50years of age. Another 98 healthy male subjects aged 23 to 58 were selected to compare their plasma carotenoid levels by age groups, Levels of lutein, zeaxanthin and crpytoxanthin were lower in IHD(34+/-2, 13+/-1 and 62+/-7 microgram/dl)and CI(36+/-3, 12+/-2 and 41+/-6 microgram/dl)patient groups than in control group (84+/-5, 16+/-2 and 69+/-3 microgram/dl) while those of lycopene, alpha-and beta-carotene varied little among the three groups. The sum of the six carotenoid levels were levels were, therefore,highest(205+/-14 microgram/dl) in the control group followed by IHD(155+/-15 microgram/dl) and CI(128+/-17 microgram/dl) patient groups, Among the 98 healthy male subject for the age group study, levels of the three major carotenoids increased with age from the twenties to the fifities ; lutein, from 64+/-6 to 89+/-8 microgram/dl, cryptoxanthin, 57+/-8 to 73+/-4 microgram/dl and beta-carotene were more significantly correlated(r=0.30 to 0.61, p<0.01), whereas levels of lycopene and alpha-caroteme were significantly(r=0.21 - 0.23, p<0.05) correlated.
beta Carotene ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Carotenoids ; Cerebral Infarction ; Daegu* ; Heart ; Humans ; Lutein ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Plasma*

The cerebello-pontine angle lipomas causing trigeminal neuralgia or hemifacial spasm are rare. A lipoma causing glossopharyngel neuralgia is also very rare. A 46-year-old woman complained of 2-year history of severe right throat pain, with ipsilateral episodic otalgic pain. The throat pain was described as an episodic lancinating character confined to the throat. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a suspicious offending posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) compressing lower cranial nerves including glossopharyngeal nerve. At surgery, a soft, yellowish mass (2x3x3 mm in size) was found incorporating the lateral aspect of proximal portion of 9th and 10th cranial nerves. Only microvascular decompression of the offending PICA was performed. Additional procedure was not performed. Her severe lancinating pain remained unchanged, immediate postoperatively. The neuralgic pain disappeared over a period of several weeks. In this particular patient with a fatty neurovascular lump causing glossopharyngeal neuralgia, microvascular decompression of offending vessel alone was enough to control the neuralgic pain.
Arteries ; Cranial Nerves ; Female ; Glossopharyngeal Nerve ; Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases* ; Hemifacial Spasm ; Humans ; Lipoma* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Microvascular Decompression Surgery ; Middle Aged ; Neuralgia ; Pharynx ; Pica ; Trigeminal Neuralgia

Sir James Paget described the first case of Paget's disease of the breast in 1874, and Du-breuilh, in 1901, reported the first case of extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva. Paget's disease of vulva is a rare intraepithelial neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis. Recently we expe-rienced a case of Paget's disease of the vulva that we present a brief review of literature.
Carcinoma in Situ ; Paget Disease, Extramammary ; Paget's Disease, Mammary ; Vulva*

BACKGROUND: Pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic cholecystectomy induces prompt hemodynamic changes. The rapid onset of these changes suggests a neurohumoral response. The present study investigated the effects of pneumoperitoneum on plasma catecholamines and vasopressin during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: We studied 18 healthy patients under general anesthesia using a isoflurane and nitrous oxide (50%). In our study, nine patients were selected for Group LC; they underwent the laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The remaining nine patients constituting Group OS served as the control, and underwent minor orthopedic surgery. Venous blood samples were collected 10 minutes after the induction of anesthesia, as well as 10 minutes after the insufflation of pneumoperitoneum or skin incision, and 10 minutes after desufflation of pneumoperitoneum or skin closure. Plasma vasopressin was measured using a radioimmunoassay method. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured using the method of high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: In Group LC, the plasma concentration of vasopressin increased remarkably from 2.1 pg/ml to 70.7 pg/ml after insufflation of pneumoperitoneum, and declined to 18.3 pg/ml after desufflation (P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine also increased significantly after insufflation of pneumoperitoneum (P < 0.05). In Group OS, however, plasma concentrations of vasopressin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine remained stable throughout the operation. CONCLUSIONS: The pneumoperitoneum resulted in a substantial increase of plasma concentrations of vasopressin as well as a signifiant increase in the plasma concentration of epinephrine and norepinephrine during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Catecholamines* ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Epinephrine ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Insufflation ; Isoflurane ; Nitrous Oxide ; Norepinephrine ; Orthopedics ; Plasma* ; Pneumoperitoneum* ; Radioimmunoassay ; Skin ; Vasopressins*