Recently, the oncogene and tumor suppressor gene have been recognized as important factors that is contribute to conversion and progression from normal cell to cnacer one. In the current study, expression rates of c-erbB-2 and p53 oncoprotein were analysed in biopsy tissues of uterine cervix to learn whether the expression rates of p53 and c-erbB-2 were related with prognostic factors. The c-erbB-2 and p53 expression rates of group with invasive cervical carcinoma versus control group were 53.6% vs 17.7% and 51.4% vs 9.7%, respectively. There was stastically significant elevation of e-erbB-2 and p53 oncogene expression in patients with invasive cervical carcinoma(p < 0.01). In comparison of invasive cervical carcinoma with CIN, there were stastically significant differences in p53 expression rates(51.4% vs 28.9%) and c-erbB-2 expression rates(53.6% vs 20.2%) and co-expression rates(31.1% vs 6.8%)(p < 0.01). Also in CIN patients, CIN III group showed statistically significant elevation than CIN I and CIN II group(p < 0.01). Among histologic cell types, the expression rate of p53 was higher in sqamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma. Except for the expression rate of p53 according to histologic cell type, no statistical difference in expression rates of c-erbB-2 and p53 were found according to age, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis in invasive cervical carcinoma(p > 0.05). In conlcusion, c-erbB-2 and p53 oncoprotein are thought to be possible factors in the carcinogenesis of cervical carcinoma and correlate with progression of it. But continuous analysis and follow up of 5 year survival are desirable to determine the role as prognostic factor and correlation with prognostic factors.
Adenocarcinoma ; Biopsy ; Carcinogenesis ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia* ; Cervix Uteri ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oncogenes*

PURPOSE: This study is to investigate the effect of nurse's competency empowerment and boss' job competency recognition on work performance. METHODS: 216 nurses participated for data collection which was conducted from September 1, 2011 to September 10, 2011. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 16.0 and with frequency test, ANOVA, Scheffe test and Multiple regression. RESULTS: Firstly, the work performance in accordance with subject's general characteristics was found to be significant in the 50s, graduate school or higher education, Roman Catholic, charge nurse and 21-years or older. Secondly, the correlation among nurse's competency empowerment, boss' competency recognition and work performance was found to be positively related (r=.501~.639, p<.001). Thirdly, competency empowerment was found to be the most effective factor for work performance, followed by boss' competency recognition and career year, and these factors accounted for 63.5%. CONCLUSION: As the results show that the work performance is highly affected by the nurse's competency empowerment, boss' competency recognition level and career level in clinical environment, effective education programs are required to provide an appropriate experience to both entry-level and experienced nurses, as well as to enhance boss' competency empowerment at the same time.
Catholicism ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Nursing, Supervisory ; Power (Psychology)

PURPOSE: This study was done to provide data that would contribute to effective task performance in clinical nursing and development of nursing professional by understanding job stress, job satisfaction and organizational commitment according to Life Organization (LIFO) behavior types of novice nurses. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional survey and the participants were 313 novice nurses who worked in one university hospital located in the city of Gwangju. Data were collected through the structured questionnaires that included general characteristics, job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment scales. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 19.0. RESULTS: Regarding job stress according to LIFO behavior types of novice nurses, there were statistically significant differences between the favorable situation and the unfavorable situation. There were also statistically significant differences regarding the organizational commitment according to LIFO behavior types. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a difference in behavior patterns of novice nurses that suggest a need for education in order to reduce stress from the job and enhance organizational commitment by developing each nurse's preferred pattern and compensating for unfavorable patterns, as well. There also needs to be nursing resources that take into consideration behavior patterns of novice nurses.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Education ; Gwangju ; Job Satisfaction* ; Nursing ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: The study is to investigate the effect of communication and self-leadership on nursing performance. METHODS: The subjects of study were composed of 358 nurses at a G city university hospital, tested with structured questionnaire from September 15 to 30, 2010. The collected data were analyzed with ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The level of communication, self-leadership, and nursing performance was 3.37, 3.38 and 3.70 respectively in average. The variables showing significant difference in communication were as follows: age, marital status, religious status, education, monthly income, work department and work experience. Also, the variables in nursing performance were as follows: age, marital status, religious status, education, education, monthly income, position, working department and work experience. Communication, self-leadership and nursing performance of nurse showed significant positive correlation. Nursing performance was positively correlated with monthly income, when it exceeded 2.01 million won, career experience and self-leadership (p<.001). These variables explained 53.7% of the regression model. CONCLUSION: Since monthly income, work experience, communication and self-leadership have positive effect on nursing performance, an effective strategy is required to improve self-leadership and nurse's communication.
Leadership ; Marital Status ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Demand for high quality medical care has recently been increasing in step with high level of income and education. Patients prefer the use of large general hospitals to small community hospitals. Large hospitals, usually located at urban area, expand their capacities to cope with the increasing demand, therefore, they easily secure revenue necessary for growth and development of hospitals. However, small community hospitals are facing with serious financial difficulties caused from the reduction of patients in one hand and the inflation of cost in another. If small rural hospitals were closed, the closure would have negative impacts on local economies in addition to the decrease in access to medical care. Community leaders should have an insight on the contribution of community hospitals to local economies. They could make a rational decision on the hospital closure only with the understanding of hospital's contribution to the community. This study is designed to develop an economic model to estimate the contribution of rural hospital to local economies, and also to apply this model with a specific hospital. The contribution of a hospital to local economies consists of two elements, direct effect and multiplier effects. The direct impacts include hospital's local purchasing power, employee's local purchasing power, and the consumption of patients coming from outside the community. The direct impact induces multiplication effect in the local economy. The seed money invested to other industries grows through economic activities in the economy. The seed money invested to other industries grows through economic activities in the region. This study estimated the direct effect with the data of expenditure of the case hospital. The total effect was calculated by multiplied the direct effect with a multiplier. The multiplier was drown from the ratio of marginal propensity of income and expenditure. Beside the estimation of the total impacts, the economic effect from the external resources was also analyzed by the use of the ratio of patients coming outside the region. The results are as follows. 1. The direct economic contribution of the hospital to the local economy is 1,104 million won. 2. The value of multiplier in the region is 2.976. 3. The total economic effect is 3,286 million won, and the multiplication effect is 2,182 million won. 4. The economic contribution from the external resources is 245 million won which is 7.5% of the total economic effect.
Education ; Growth and Development ; Hand ; Health Expenditures ; Health Facility Closure ; Hospitals, Community ; Hospitals, General ; Hospitals, Rural* ; Humans ; Inflation, Economic ; Models, Economic

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to develop and apply a prevention program for needle-stick injuries among health care workers who have a high occupational risk of such injuries, and to analyze the effect of the program on the subjects' knowledge regarding such injuries and compliance with protocols, as well as the incidence of needle-stick injuries among subjects. METHODS: The subjects of this study were nurses (RNs) and nurse's aides (NAs) working at a university hospital in Daegu. The data were collected by conducting surveys and determining the incidence of needle-stick injuries during a 1-year period before the application of the program. The program consisted of preventive education on needle-stick injury, the use of standardized boxes to measure blood sugar test, and the use of intravenous catheters with safety needles. Six months after the intervention, surveys were conducted to analyze the incidence of needle-stick injuries. The data on knowledge and compliance related to needle-stick injuries before and after program application were analyzed using the paired t-test, and data on the incidence of injuries were analyzed using the chi-square test. RESULTS: The scores on knowledge (RN, P<0.001; NA, P=0.007) and compliance (RN, P<0.001; NA, P=0.038) were significantly higher after the intervention than before. However, the number of reports on the incidence of needle-stick injuries before and after the intervention were not significantly different (RN, P=0.691; NA, P=0.079). CONCLUSION: The prevention program for needle-stick injuries was effective in improving the knowledge and compliance related to needle-stick injuries among RNs and NAs, but the number of reports on the incidence of injuries showed no difference. Therefore, the prevention program must be reevaluated and further developed after continuously monitoring and analyzing it in a hospital setting in order to decrease the incidence of needle-stick injuries.
Blood Glucose ; Catheters ; Compliance ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Incidence ; Needles ; Needlestick Injuries ; Nurses' Aides ; Plant Extracts

Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis adjacent to hip, though uncommon, should be included in the differential diagnosis of the patients presenting symptoms suggestive of septic arthritis of hip. When it occurs in children, it is particularly serious, because the diagnosis at first may be very difficult to be made. Our observations on seven cases reported here suggest the following findings to be helpful for early differential diagnosis of osteomyelitis of innominate bones from septic hip. 1. Among 7 cases, 4 had lesions in ischium, and 3 in os ilii. 2. The initial diagnosis on admission in 3 cases out of 7 was wrongly made to be septic arthritis of hip. 3. Early accurate diagnosis is essential to initiate early treatment, and there by shortens the convalescent time and minimize sequelae. 4. The diagnosis could be made in the cases by clinical and roentgenographic findings, such as fever, pain nature, antalgic posture of hip together with range of hip motion, tender point around hip and positive soft tissue and bony X-ray findings, but K-ray taken on early stage of infection could not provide any clue until bone lesion appears. 5. Gentle passive motion of hip is more easily permitted without eliciting severe pain and restriction of motion in the infection of innominate bone than in the septic hip. This also can be another clue to differentiate the acute osteomyelitis of innominate bone from septic arthritis of the hip.
Arthritis, Infectious ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Fever ; Hip ; Humans ; Ischium ; Osteomyelitis ; Pelvic Bones ; Posture

The pinching motion is thought to be one of fundamental hand functions, the power of which has been quantified by measuring it isometrically with variously devised pinch-meters. The present authors describe the investigations on the pinching power of 350 healthy persons, 200 male and 150 female Koreans, by the use of Preston Pinch Gauge. Six kinds of pinch were chosen: (1) thumb index finger tip pinch (1-2TP), (2) thumb-middle finger tip pinch (1-3TP), (3) thumb-index finger pulp pinch (1-2PP), (4) thumb-middle finger pulp pinch (1-3PP), (5) thumb-index-middle finger pulp pinch (3PP), (6) key pinch (KP), which were classified again into 19 kinds according to the shape of thumb, index, middle, or other fingers during each pinch. We describe those as principal type, hyperextension-flexion type, hyperextension type and other type into four. It should be justified to calculate the mean normal value of principal type pinching power in Korean. Principal type of pinch involves 1-2TP, 1-3TP, 1-2PP, 1-3PP, 3PP and KP, as to Hyperextension type of 1-2PP, 1-3PP, 3PP and KP. Other type of pinch involving 1-2TP, 1-3TP, 1-2PP, 1-3PP, 3PP and KP is different from Principal type simply because of the shape of nonjoining fingers during pinch. Generally, the pinching power of Principal type was clearly highest among the four types except for pulp pinches.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Fingers ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Reference Values ; Thumb

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship among calling, nurse’s image, satisfaction in major, self-efficacy and nursing professionalism and to identify the predictors of nursing professionalism among nursing students. Methods: The research design for this study was a descriptive survey using convenience sampling. Data collection was done using online questionnaires completed by 358 nursing students in G city. The data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation analysis and hierarchical multiple regression with the SPSS Win 25.0 Program. Results: The mean score of nursing professionalism was 3.56±0.55 out of a possible 5. Nursing professionalism showed a significantly positive correlation with calling (r=.51, p<.001), nurse’s image (r=.53, p<.001), satisfaction in major (r=.65, p<.001) and self-efficacy (r=.20, p<.001). In the hierarchical multiple regression analysis, satisfaction in major (β=.44, p<.001), nurse’s image (β=.26, p<.001), calling (β=.21, p<.001), self-efficacy (β=.14, p=.002) and servable occupation (β=.15, p=.020) were significant predictors and explained 51% of nursing professionalism. Conclusions The results of the study show factors that influence nursing professionalism in nursing students. Based on the results of the study, nursing professionalism education programs need to include factors that improve calling, nursing image, satisfaction in major and self-efficacy.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a threat to human health and public safety. People of all ages are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. However, the clinical manifestations of this infection differ by age. This study purposes to describe healthcare considerations for special populations, such as children, pregnant and lactating women, and older adults, who may have unique healthcare needs, in the pandemic situation. To realize the research purpose, we conducted a review of the practice guidelines of public documents and qualified studies that were published online/offline during a specific period. The review identified current knowledge on care for newborns, children in schools, pregnant women (from antenatal to postpartum care), and older adults suffering from high-risk conditions. Subsequently, we summarize vaccination guidance for special populations and, finally, discuss the issues currently affecting special populations. Therefore, this current knowledge on care for special populations helps nurses to provide accurate information on vaccinations aimed at preventing COVID-19 and protecting the masses from infection. Currently, the scarcity of information on COVID-19 variants necessitates further research on measures to reduce pandemic spread.