No abstract available.

Choriocarcinoma associated with a normal pregnancy is rare. Futhermore, choriocarcinoma coexistent with a viable pregnancy is even rarer and associated with a greater risk of hepatic and cerebral involvement. So timely diagnosis of the disease is important for successful treatment and aggressive diagnostic procedures may therefore warranted. The patient should be treated with primary intensive combination chemotherapy(EMA-CO) and the selective use of irradiation and surgical therapy. We experienced a case of metastatic choriocarcinoma of lung and kidney following preterm delivery at 34th week of pregnancy and so present it with brief review of literature.
Choriocarcinoma* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; Lung ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy*

Chronic constipation is a very common disease in children. Successful treatment of constipation can be achieved not only with medication but also with lifestyle changes, including a proper diet. Diets including fruits, fluids, and probiotics are good for constipation. Some dietary components are helpful for constipation, and some are harmful. In this study, we present diets related to constipation from the literature, and propose some perspectives regarding diets related to constipation.
Child ; Constipation* ; Diet* ; Fruit ; Humans ; Life Style ; Probiotics

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term safety of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 in children with constipation, particularly the biochemical aspects of safety. METHODS: Medical records were evaluated, and 100 children, who had been taking PEG 4000 for more than 6 months, and who had been under clinical and biochemical monitoring, were enrolled. Ages; 6.11+/-3.12 years, Duration of therapy; 16.93+/-7.02 months, dose of PEG 4000; 0.72+/-0.21 g/kg/d. RESULTS: None of the children complained of clinical adverse effect. The first biochemical test was performed at 8.05 months after beginning of PEG 4000. Serum phosphate (SP) value was high in 10 children, and leucopenia was noted in one child. The second test was performed in 44 children at 7.57 months after the first test. The SP value was high in four children, including the three children whose initial SP value was high and one new child. Six out of 10 children with high initial SP value became normal and one was lost. Hypernatremia was noted in one child. The third test was done in 15 children at 7.5 months after the second test. The SP value of the new child from the second test was high, but became normal after finishing treatment. Two out of 3 children with high SP value at the second test became normal and one was lost. The fourth test was done in 2 children few months after the third test. All of the results were normal. There were no relation between duration of therapy and hyperphosphatemia, or between dose of PEG 4000 and hyperphosphatemia. CONCLUSIONS: PEG 4000 is safe for long-term therapy in children with constipation with respect to biochemical parameters.
Child ; Constipation ; Humans ; Hypernatremia ; Hyperphosphatemia ; Medical Records ; Polyethylene Glycols

Stem cell is characterized with self-renewal and mult-potency. Many pediatric gastrointestinal diseases have defect in enterocytes, enteric nervous system, and Interstitial cell of Cajal. Various kinds of stem cell could be applied to these diseases. Here, the author introduces stem cell for pediatric gastrointestinal diseases, particularly Hirschsprung disease.
Enteric Nervous System ; Enterocytes ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Hirschsprung Disease ; Stem Cells

PURPOSE: To determine optimal maintenance dose and to evaluation the efficacy and safety of polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000) in children with chronic functional constipation. METHODS: This study enrolled 41 children with chronic functional constipation at the Konkuk university hospital August 2005, then June, 2007. Effective maintenance dose was designed as initial amount of PEG4000 that improved frequency, bowel movement, stool consistency for 2 months. Clinical outcome was analysed on the basis of defecation diary. Adverse effect was monitored clinically and biochemically. RESULTS: As a whole group effective maintenance dose of PEG4000 was 0.550.16 g/kg/day (0.25-0.86). With respect to age, 3-5 years (0.600.15), 6-8 years (0.570.16), 9-13 years (0.440.14) (P=0.024). With respect to body weight, <30 kg (0.620.14), 30 kg (0.410.10) (P=0.001). One child comlained apigastric soreness on medication. CONCLUSION: PEG4000 is effective and safe in children with chronic constipation. Initial maintenance dose of PEG4000 was 0.55 g/kg/day.
Body Weight ; Child* ; Constipation* ; Defecation ; Humans ; Polyethylene Glycols* ; Polyethylene*

The field of stem cell research has been rapidly expanding. Although the clinical usefulness of research remains to be ascertained through human trials, the use of stem cells as a therapeutic option for currently disabling diseases holds fascinating potential. Many pediatric gastrointestinal tract diseases have defect in enterocytes, enteric nervous system cells, smooth muscles, and interstitial cells of Cajal. Various kinds of therapeutic trials using stem cells could be applied to these diseases. This review article focuses on the recent achievements in stem cell applications for pediatric gastrointestinal tract diseases.
Achievement ; Child ; Enteric Nervous System ; Enterocytes ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Interstitial Cells of Cajal ; Muscle, Smooth ; Stem Cell Research ; Stem Cells ; Tissue Engineering

Constipation is one of the most common symptoms that a child visits pediatrician. The general approach to the child with functional constipation includes the following steps; disimpaction, maintenance and withdrawal of medication. There are many drugs which can be applied to children; osmotic agents (lactulose, sorbitol, magnesium hydroxide/citrate, polyethylene glycol with/without electrolytes, sodium phosphate, glycerin), stimulants (senna, bisacodyl, caster oil), lubricant (mineral oil), bulking agent (psyllium, cellulose, glucomannan). At each stage of treatment, one or some of these drug can be applied to the purpose. The author tries to summarize recent studies on drugs for constipation in child, and finally introduces new dugs for constipation which is under investigation.
Bisacodyl ; Cellulose ; Child ; Constipation ; Electrolytes ; Humans ; Magnesium ; Phosphates ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Sodium ; Sorbitol

Constipation is one of the most common symptoms that a child visits pediatrician. The general approach to the child with functional constipation includes the following steps; disimpaction, maintenance and withdrawal of medication. There are many drugs which can be applied to children; osmotic agents (lactulose, sorbitol, magnesium hydroxide/citrate, polyethylene glycol with/without electrolytes, sodium phosphate, glycerin), stimulants (senna, bisacodyl, caster oil), lubricant (mineral oil), bulking agent (psyllium, cellulose, glucomannan). At each stage of treatment, one or some of these drug can be applied to the purpose. The author tries to summarize recent studies on drugs for constipation in child, and finally introduces new dugs for constipation which is under investigation.
Bisacodyl ; Cellulose ; Child ; Constipation ; Electrolytes ; Humans ; Magnesium ; Phosphates ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Sodium ; Sorbitol

Functional mapping techniques including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can be used to study the function of the nervous system. Optical imaging is an emerging technique for functional imaging of the nervous tissue. Functional optical imaging can be classified into two major streams; intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISO) and voltage-sensitive dye optical imaging (VDO). ISO is related to hemodynamic changes such as hemoglobin concentration and oxygenation changes, cytochrome oxidation change, and light scattering. On the contrary, VOD measures changes in membrane potentials of neural cells. Therefore, ISO reflects metabolic activity of neurons, while VOD directly reflects neural activity. Recent advances in optical imaging opened the possibility of its application to clinical situations as well as basic researches. Further, development of optical imaging may greatly contribute to the understanding of the function of the nervous system.
Cytochromes ; Hemodynamics ; Hemoglobins ; Light ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetoencephalography ; Membrane Potentials ; Nervous System ; Neurons ; Optical Imaging ; Oxygen ; Positron-Emission Tomography