Pain management is a major issue in caring of cancer patients. Because pain management cancer patient of does not control effectively. it is important to educate reporting pain and using analgesics for having cancer patient's concerns and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of cancer pain management education on the pain and concerns of pain management in cancer patients. This study was a quasi-experimental as nonequivalent control pretest-post test design. The subjects of this study consisted of 50 (experimental group 25. control group 25) patients hospitalized in K university hospital in Busan. The data were collected from December 1. 2001 to April 12. 2002. The measurement tool for the concerns of pain management had used questionnaires interpretated by Kim(1999) developed by based Ward(1993) and pain nominal scale. The collected data were analyzed frequency. percentage. mean, SD. chi2test, t-test, ANCOVA. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The 1st hypothesis: The experimental group which had received the cancer pain management education were lower than the control group in the score of pain was not supported (p>0.05). 2. The 2nd hypothesis: The experimental group which had received the cancer pain management education were lower than the control group in concerns of pain management was supported (F=5.285, p 0.01). In conclusion. the cancer pain management education can know what was effective to decrease in the concerns of pain management in cancer patients. Therefore. Pain Management Education must be positively utilized in clinical situation.
Analgesics ; Anxiety ; Busan ; Education* ; Humans ; Pain Management* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate experiences, perceptions, and educational needs related to patient safety and the factors affecting these perceptions. Methods: Study design was a descriptive survey conducted in November 2019. A sample of 1,187 Koreans aged 20-80 years participated in the online survey. Based on previous research, the questionnaire used patient safety-related and educational requirement items, and the Patient Safety Perception Scale. Descriptive statistics and a decision tree analysis were performed using SPSS 25.0. Results: The average patient safety perception was 71.71 (± 9.21). Approximately 95.9% of the participants reported a need for patient safety education, and 88.0% answered that they would participate in such education. The most influential factors in the group with low patient safety perceptions were the recognition of patient safety activities, age, preference of accredited hospitals, experience of patient safety problems, and willingness to participate in patient safety education. Conclusion It was confirmed that the vulnerable group for patient safety perception is not aware of patient safety activities and did not prefer an accredited hospital. To prevent patient safety accidents and establish a culture of patient safety, appropriate educational strategies must be provided to the general public.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating mediation effect of health-promoting lifestyle in the relationships between clinical nurses’ job stress, appreciation and mental health problems. Methods: The participations were 230 clinical nurses working in general hospitals in Seoul City and Gyeonggi Province. Data were collected in November 2019 via an online survey that covered job stress, appreciation, health-promoting lifestyles and mental health problems. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0, SPSS PROCESS Macro(Model 4, Model 7) and bootstrapping method. Results: Appreciation had a significant mediation effect in the relationship between job stress and mental health problems. Health-promoting lifestyle had a significant moderation effect in the relationship between job stress and appreciation. Further, health-promoting lifestyle significantly moderated mediation effect of job stress on mental health problems through appreciation. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that it is necessary to effectively manage health-promoting lifestyle in the context of clinical nurses’ mental health problems due to job stress. In order to improve clinical nurses’ mental health, it is necessary to provide them with increased appreciation and lead health-promoting lifestyle.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to evaluate the needs satisfaction of nurses and examine its validity and reliability. Methods: The initial items for the instrument were developed through a literature review and interviews, using the conceptual framework of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. The initial items were evaluated for content validity by 14 experts. Four hundred and eighty-six clinical nurses participated in this study through offline and online surveys to test the reliability and validity of the instrument.The first evaluation (n = 256) was used for item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, and the second evaluation (n = 230) was used to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis and to assess the criterion-related validity and internal consistency of the instrument. Test-retest reliability was analyzed using data from 30 nurses. Results: The final instrument consisted of 30 items with two sub-factors for five needs that were identified through the confirmatory factor analysis. The criterion-related validity was established using the five need satisfaction measures (r = .56). Cronbach’s a for total items was .90, and test-retest reliability was .89. Conclusion The findings from this study indicate that this instrument has sufficient validity and reliability. This instrument can be used for the development of nursing interventions to improve the needs satisfaction of clinical nurses.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the relationship between the needs for hospice care and quality of life in cancer patients. METHODS: Data were collected from 127 cancer patients hospitalized at a university hospital in Chonbuk between October, 2006 to March, 2007. Two instruments were used: cancer patients' need for hospice care, developed by Kang and Kim and quality of life developed by Tae et al. RESULTS: The mean scores were 3.11 out of 4 for hospice care needs, and 5.25 out of 10 for quality of life. The correlation between needs for hospice care and quality of life was moderate and negative (r=-0.395, P<0.01). Among the four groups of needs, physical need was the most strongly correlated with quality of lifer (r=-0.388, P<0.01). The need for hospice care was significantly different according to participants' religion (t=6.02, P<0.05), and duration of disease (F=3.45, P<0.05). Quality of life was significantly different according to participants' monthly income (F=3.38, P<0.05). cancer stage (F=8.10, P<0.01) and chemotherapy (t=6.09, P=0.015). CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the cancer patients' hospice care needs should be answered in order to improve their quality of life. While doing so, participants' characteristic need should also be considered.
Hospice Care ; Hospices ; Humans ; Quality of Life

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are well known as photoreactive nanoparticles (NPs). Various phototoxicities of ZnO NPs and TiO₂ NPs were reported on several organisms. It was still necessary to evaluate the toxicity of photoreactive ZnO NPs and TiO₂ NPs due to species-specific effects under various irradiation conditions. We compared the acute toxicity of Moina macrocopa under visible, ultraviolet (UV) A, and B irradiations, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines for the testing of chemicals (Test No. 202). The sensitivity of ZnO NPs for M. macrocopa was UVB>UVA>visible light irradiation. There were no significant lethal and immobile effects of TiO₂ NPs on juveniles under all irradiations and in the tested concentrations of TiO₂ NPs. Photoreactive NPs have a potential and accelerated toxicity on organisms in the ambient environments.
Dermatitis, Phototoxic ; Nanoparticles* ; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development ; Titanium ; Zinc Oxide

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine subjective well-being in college students and the mediating effect of perceived stress and mental health on the influence of empowerment. METHODS: A descriptive correlational and cross-sectional research design was used. Participants were 275 students who were recruited from a university in Seoul, and completed the survey. Research tools were empowerment, perceived stress, subjective well-being and mental health (standardized MMPI-2 scale). Collected data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS 23.0. Significance of the indirect effect was analyzed by the bootstrapping method. RESULTS: Fitness of the modified model was appropriate (χ²/df=2.68, TLI=.92, CFI=.94, RMSEA=.078, SRMR=.053). Empowerment had a significant direct effect on mental health and indirect effect through perceived stress. Perceived stress had a significant direct effect on subjective well-being and indirect effect through mental health. Empowerment had an indirect effect on subjective well-being through perceived stress and mental health. Empowerment, perceived stress and mental health explained 70.7% of the subjective well-being in the structural equation model. CONCLUSION: It is important to maintain good mental health in order to improve the well-being of college students. In addition, strategies to improve empowerment are required to reduce stress and promote mental health.
Humans ; Mental Health* ; Methods ; Negotiating* ; Power (Psychology) ; Research Design ; Seoul

Spinal epidural abscesses were evaluated using Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 19 surgically and clinically confirmed cases, including 13 with tuberculous spondylitis and 6 with pyogenic spondylitis. We observed rim enhancement patterns in 10 patients and diffuse enhancement patterns in 9 patients. The spread patterns were localized to ventral or dorsal epidural space and encircled entire epidural space. We conclude that rim enhancement indicates abscess and diffuse enhancement indicates granulation tissue and fibrosis. Tuberculous epidural abscess spreads to ventral epidural space and pyogenic epidural abscess encircles entire epidural space.
Abscess ; Epidural Abscess* ; Epidural Space ; Fibrosis ; Granulation Tissue ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Spondylitis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of academic stress among middle school students to their smartphone addiction while exploring the moderating effect of self-esteem and self-control in the relationship between academic stress and smartphone addiction. METHODS: A descriptive research design was used. The participants were 398 middle school students from one middle school in Seoul. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure academic stress, self-esteem, self-control, and smartphone addiction. Data were analyzed with the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. RESULTS: Smartphone addiction significantly differed according to gender, duration of smartphone use and average monthly amount of use. The hierarchical regression analyses revealed significant positive relations between academic stress and smartphone addiction. On the other hand, self-esteem and self-control were negatively related to smartphone addiction. Self-control appeared to have moderating effects in the relationship between academic stress and smartphone addiction. CONCLUSION: It is important when developing smartphone addiction prevention programs to consider self-control that showed moderating effects.
Behavior, Addictive ; Hand ; Humans ; Research Design ; Self-Control* ; Seoul ; Smartphone*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and retention period of immediate remediation for infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in child care teachers. METHODS: This study used a nonequivalent comparison pre- and post-test design to measure knowledge about and confidence in infant CPR and an interrupted time-series design to determine skill performance. The experimental group (n=25) received both immediate remediation and video learning for infant CPR, and the comparison group (n=28) received video learning only. Knowledge and confidence were measured before and after 4 weeks. Their skill performance was tested immediately, and 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks after intervention. Data analysis consisted of chi2 tests, t-tests, paired t-tests, and a generalized linear mixed model. RESULTS: There were significant increases in knowledge and confidence within the experimental group. Skill performance showed a significant difference according to the group factor (F=10.81, p=.002) and measurement time (F=146.80, p<.001). The experimental group maintained significantly higher skill performance than did the comparison group. CONCLUSION: These findings support the necessity of immediate remediation education for infant CPR to maintain skill performance. In addition, appropriate renewal time and the improvement of training programs for child care teachers are necessary.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Child ; Child Care* ; Child* ; Education ; Humans ; Infant* ; Learning ; Statistics as Topic