The aim of this study was to investigate how implementation of direct nutrition education differs between nutrition teachers and dietitians in Gyeonggi Area. In this study, we collected data from 107 nutrition teachers and 129 dietitians in 2012. Among those who have answered they implemented direct nutrition education for the last one year, 36% were nutrition teachers and 10% were dietitians (p < 0.05). Among subjects who implemented direct education, a significantly greater percentage of nutrition teachers used a class as an education time to conduct creative hands-on-activity compare to dietitians (p < 0.05). However, for most dietitians, school meal time was more commonly used for direct nutrition education. When asked to make a suggestion regarding improvement for school nutrition education, the highest rate of people chose simplification of school administrative work (4.68 points) was needed. Developing nutrition education (4.55 points) showed the next highest rate. The rest of the answers were the following order; regular training of teaching methods (4.50 points), increasing awareness of school teachers (4.50 points), improving school facilities and financial support (4.47 points), preparing teaching plan (4.46 points), providing incentive for direct education (4.26 points), organizing regular class for nutrition education (4.17 points), and placing nutrition teachers (4.16 points). This study provides useful information including manageable workload of nutrition teachers and dietitians, capacity building and supportive school environment to be delivered with respect to nutrition education system in South Korea.
Capacity Building ; Financial Support ; Humans ; Meals ; Motivation ; Republic of Korea ; Teaching

PURPOSE: To compare chest radiographic findings of pulmonary tuberculosis in non-AIDS immunocom- promised adult patients with those in immunocompetent patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Eighty six patients who had pulmonary tuberculosis were included in the study. Of these, 41 were non-AIDS immunocompromised adult patients and 45 were immunocompetent adult patients. Chest radiographs obtained from 86 patients were retrospectively evaluated with regard to the followings ;the anatomic distribution and extent of tuberculous lesions, typical or atypical patterns of radiographic findings. We then compared the results in non-AIDS immunocompromised adult patients with those in immunocompetent adult patients. RESULTS: The characteristic manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis was a tendency of pulmonary lesions to localize in the apico-posterior segments of the upper lobe and the superior segment of the lower lobe in both groups but more wide distribution such as the anterior segment and the lingular segment of the upper lobe and the basal segments of the lower lobe was frequently identified in non-AIDS immunocompromised adult patients, and also bilateral, multisegmental and multilobular extents were common findings. in immunocompetent adult patients, more common findings were in local exudative and productive lesions and several cavities in preferential sites. Atypical plain radiographic findings were more common in non-AIDS immunocompromised adult patients, and which were multiple cavitary lesions, wide extent of bronchogenic spread and tuberculous pneumonia, and .miliary disseminations and mass like lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary tuberculosis in non-AIDS immunocompromised adult patients is characterized by frequent bilateral distribution, wide pulmonary extent, and atypical radiographic findings.
Adult* ; Humans ; Pneumonia ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Retrospective Studies ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary*

The objectives of this study were to identify dietary patterns of Korean middle school students and to investigate the characteristics of dietary intake of subjects with different dietary pattern. Three-day diet records were obtained from 163 male and 155 female 7th graders in Seoul, Korea. Food items from the diet records were aggregated into 22 food groups before subjected to factor analysis. Four dietary patterns emerged from factor analysis with different factor score. Cluster analysis using factor score classified subjects into three groups named 'Traditional' (n = 42), 'Westernized' (n = 135), and 'Intermediate' (n = 145). Major nutrient intake and dietary quality assessed by NAR (Nutrients Adequacy Ratio), MAR (Mean Adequacy Ratio), DDS (Dietary Diversity Score), and DVS (Dietary Variety Score) of the three groups were compared. Mean energy intakes of three groups were 1783, 1916, 1578 kcal in Traditional, Westernized, and Intermediate diet group respectively. Differences in nutrient intake of the groups were significant in all nutrients except vitamin B1. Percent energy from fat was significantly higher in Westernized and Intermediate diet group, and cholesterol intake of Westernized diet group was higher than 300 mg. NARs of most nutrients were higher in Traditional and Westernized than Intermediate diet group except vitamin E. Traditional and Westernized diet groups had the highest MAR of fourteen nutrients. DDS was the highest in Westernized and DVS was the highest in Traditional and Westernized diet group. Traditional diet groups had 22% of energy consumption from breakfast, significantly higher than other diet groups. In conclusion, these results suggest that Korean teenagers with Traditional diet pattern have lower diet in % energy from fat, diversity of food and regularity of meals. Future studies need to focus on the relationship between dietary patterns and health status of Korean teenagers.
Adolescent ; Breakfast ; Cholesterol ; Cluster Analysis ; Diet ; Diet Records ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Meals ; Seoul* ; Thiamine ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

This study was aimed at development of a nutrition education program, which was designed for children, their parents and personnel in preschool nursery facilities and carried out by dieticians. The program was conducted at 6 preschool nursery facilities for 3 months from July to September 1998. Four-hundred thirty-three children aged 2 to 7 years were engaged in the program. Children in each class were given nutrition education practice once a week by dieticians using education materials and a guide book based on a 12-week program. The themes of nutrition education for children consisted of 'knowledge of food sources and foods', 'relations between food and health', 'other roles of food', 'right eating habit', and 'cooking practice'. Each of five leaflets on nutrition education for parents was delivered eery three weeks in a series and leaflets were posted on a bulletin board. Nursery school teachers were educated by their participation in the class with dieticians using education materials. Evaluation of nutrition education by children, parents and personnel was carried out by interviewing and using questionnaires before and after the program. Children responded more positively more positively on their eating behavior and sanitary behaviors after nutrition education. Parents'opinions on the nutrition education program were positive : 72.3 described the nutrition education program as 'very good'and 'good'. In addition, 71.3% answered that the education materials for parents were helpful. A majority(93.8%) of personnel in facilities evaluated the nutrition education program effective. Nursery personnel evaluated the importance of general nutrition knowledge, childhood nutrition, and obesity control for nutrition management and nutrition education more highly after nutrition education. This study indicates that nutrition management and nutrition education programs for preschool nursery facilities are necessary and they would be effective when implemented by dieticians.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Eating ; Education* ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Nurseries* ; Nutritionists ; Obesity ; Parents ; Schools, Nursery ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study was aimed at examine eating behavior and food preferences of children in preschool nursery facilities. A survey was conducted on parents using questionnaires including general characteristics, eating behavior, and food habits at home and food preferences of children in 6 nursery facilities. The children involved in this study were 150 boys and 154 girls, aged 1 to 7 years old. Sixty three percent(187 children) of the children were on 'regular' meal times, and 37.0%(110 children) were on 'irregular' meal times. The major reason for their irregular meal times were 'their' concentration on other tasks'(26.6%) and 'no appetite'(25.5%). The meal eaten best by children was 'dinner' while that eaten worst was 'breakfast'. The major type of their eating habit problem was 'unbalanced diet'(62.1%), and their mothers' response to the unbalanced diet was 'trying to persuade the child'(71.6%). The number of snacks at home was one or twice a day(97.3%), and 'preference'(67.8%) was the main reason for selecting particular snacks. Their preferred staple foods were 'cooked rice with meat & vegetables and Chinese noodles', and 'noodles with bean sauce', and their preferred soup was 'seaweed soup' Also, their most preferred meat dishes were 'fried chicken' and 'thin sliced barbecued beef. Children preferred side dishes with animal foods to those with vegetable foods. Since children liked mixed dishes, it seems desirable to introduce foods which children dislike as ingredients in mixed dishes.
Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Diet ; Eating* ; Feeding Behavior* ; Female ; Food Habits ; Food Preferences* ; Humans ; Meals ; Meat ; Nurseries* ; Parents ; Snacks ; Vegetables ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the application of the Problem-Based Learning(PBL) in nursing with regard to the learning process and learning outcomes. METHOD: PBL modules were provided to the students so that they could identify the nursing problems related to nutrition, regulation, and elimination, and implement appropriate nursing interventions according to the problems. PBL was also used to develop ability to use self-evaluation for nursing intervention outcomes. The modules were developed by the authors for the course, Nursing 1(3 credits) at Y university, and used during one semester, March to June 2003. Evaluation of the learning process and learning outcomes was done by self-report questionnaires and a semi-structured self-report developed by the authors. RESULT: The PBL evaluation included role of the facilitators, group work process, and self-directed learning attitude. The students evaluated the facilitator's role positively in fostering positive interactions and cooperative study among students and stimulating students to apply various problem-solving strategies. Students evaluated their own group work performances as a good opportunity to improve their group work participation, contribution, cooperation, and leadership through the PBL session. Their responsibility for their own learning and develop self-directed learning attitudes to connect present learning to long-term goals. CONCLUSION: Critical thinking, problem solving skills, self-directed learning and group work accomplishments in undergraduate student nurses were fostered and improved through the PBL program.
Diagnostic Self Evaluation ; Foster Home Care ; Humans ; Leadership ; Learning ; Nursing* ; Problem Solving ; Problem-Based Learning* ; Thinking ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Because dental impression can be a cross-infection source, disinfection, such as immersion disinfection is nessecary. However, the disinfection process may change the volume of the impression cast. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to find out the effects on dimensional change of different storage times and methods, of agar-alginate impression when immersed in a 5% idophor disinfectant. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An agar-alginate impression was made from a mandible model and then was disinfected and stored according the experimental conditions and a stone model was produced. Measurements were taken between reference points on the original mandible model and they were compared to measurements taken between reference points on the stone model. The study was divided into 4 groups. In group 1, the impression was stored in a 100% humidor for 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours and stone models were made at each time. In group 2, the impression was immersed in 5% idophor disinfectant and then stored in a 100% humidor for the same length of times as group 1, and stone models were made at each time. In group 3, the impression was stored in extend-A-pourR, a special storage solution for 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours 3 days, and 7 days and stone models were made at each time. In group 4, the impression was immersed in 5% idophor disinfectant and then stored in stored in extend-A-pourR, a special storage solution for the same length of times as group 3, and stone models were made at each time. 5 impressions and stone models were made at each time to make a total of 180. The Student-t test (P < .05) was used to do a statistical analysis of the measurements of the mandible model and stone models. The repeated-measure 2-way analysis of variance (P < .05) was used to do a statistical analysis of the difference in the 4 groups. RESULTS: The percent liner dimensional change was from 0.25+/-0.03% (group 1, 30 minutes) to 0.34+/-0.06% (group 4, 7 days). No significant change was noticed between the 4 groups. CONCLUSION: According to the above study, in both methods, least dimensional change was recorded when the storage times were short and in both methods, immersion in 5% idophor disinfectant did not effect dimensional change in the agar-alginate impression.
Disinfection* ; Immersion ; Mandible

PURPOSE: A transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the gold standard surgical treatment for men with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), but 10% of patients shows no improvement in voiding symptom following the procedure. We attempted to find if the prostatic calcification and inflammatory cell infiltration could affect the result of TURP in BPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 117 BPH patients who had undergone a TURP, performed by one urologist between March 1999 and February 2001, were evaluated. The prostatic volume, and the size and location of the prostatic calcifications were checked preoperatively. When the calcifications were located around the verumontanum or periurethral area they were classified as central, whereas, when they were located peripherally they were classified as peripheral. The IPSS, Qmax and residual urine were measured preoperatively, and at 6 months after the TURP. The tissues obtained from the TURP were evaluated histologically. Slides of the hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue of each patient were examined from 5 to 15 chips with a light microscope. They were divided into three groups depending on the level of lymphocyte infiltration; mild: <100/mm2, moderate: 100-499/mm2 and severe: gt;or=500/mm2. RESULTS: In all groups, there were significant pre- and post-operative differences in the IPSS, Qmax and residual urine (p<0.05, t-test). The prostate weights were significantly decreased in the 'central' group preoperatively, and the Qmax was decreased in the 'central' group 6 months postoperatively (p<0.05, ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS: We found no influence of prostatic lymphocyte infiltration on the outcome of TURP. Although the preoperative prostate weight of the 'central' group was smaller than in the 'peripheral' group, if the prostatic calcifications were located around the verumontanum or periurethral area, the Qmax was poorer 6 months postoperatively. Therefore, the evaluation of the size and location of prostatic calcifications from TRUS may be useful in predicting the outcome of TURP.
Hematoxylin ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Lymphocytes* ; Male ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate* ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: A transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the gold standard surgical treatment for men with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), but 10% of patients shows no improvement in voiding symptom following the procedure. We attempted to find if the prostatic calcification and inflammatory cell infiltration could affect the result of TURP in BPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 117 BPH patients who had undergone a TURP, performed by one urologist between March 1999 and February 2001, were evaluated. The prostatic volume, and the size and location of the prostatic calcifications were checked preoperatively. When the calcifications were located around the verumontanum or periurethral area they were classified as central, whereas, when they were located peripherally they were classified as peripheral. The IPSS, Qmax and residual urine were measured preoperatively, and at 6 months after the TURP. The tissues obtained from the TURP were evaluated histologically. Slides of the hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue of each patient were examined from 5 to 15 chips with a light microscope. They were divided into three groups depending on the level of lymphocyte infiltration; mild: <100/mm2, moderate: 100-499/mm2 and severe: gt;or=500/mm2. RESULTS: In all groups, there were significant pre- and post-operative differences in the IPSS, Qmax and residual urine (p<0.05, t-test). The prostate weights were significantly decreased in the 'central' group preoperatively, and the Qmax was decreased in the 'central' group 6 months postoperatively (p<0.05, ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS: We found no influence of prostatic lymphocyte infiltration on the outcome of TURP. Although the preoperative prostate weight of the 'central' group was smaller than in the 'peripheral' group, if the prostatic calcifications were located around the verumontanum or periurethral area, the Qmax was poorer 6 months postoperatively. Therefore, the evaluation of the size and location of prostatic calcifications from TRUS may be useful in predicting the outcome of TURP.
Hematoxylin ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Lymphocytes* ; Male ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate* ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: We evaluated the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens in children of the medium-sized hospital. METHODS: The 357 bacterial strains isolated from Pediatric department of Dongsan Sacred Heart Hospital were examined the species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test during the period of March to October 1996. RESULTS: Fifty three strains (15%) of 357 strains were nosocomial pathogens. A half of Enterococcus faecium is nosocomial pathogens. As a rule, Antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial pathogens were higher than those of community-acquired pathogens. Enterococcus sp. isolated from nosocomial infection were significantly less susceptible than those from community-acquired infection to imipemem (P<0.05). Escherichia coli isolated from nosocomial infection were significantly less susceptible than those from community-acquired infection to amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, and aztreonam (P<0.05). Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from nosocomial infection were significantly less susceptible than those from community-acquired infection to cephalothin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, aztreonam, tobramycin, gentamicin, and co-trimoxazole (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In medium-sized hospital, the rate of antimicrobial resistance to nosocomial pathogens was higher than community-acquired pathogens. The regular reports of the susceptibility patterns of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens would be useful to improve the effects of empirical antimicrobial therapy.
Aztreonam ; Cefotaxime ; Cefoxitin ; Ceftazidime ; Cefuroxime ; Cephalothin ; Child* ; Community-Acquired Infections ; Cross Infection ; Enterococcus ; Enterococcus faecium ; Escherichia coli ; Gentamicins ; Heart ; Humans ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Tobramycin ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination