The purpose of study was to examine the effect of nonnutritive sucking(NNS) on behavioral state in preterm infants. Fourteen infants(gestational age 28-35 weeks, M=31.86 ; birth weights 1095-2275g, M=1694g) admitted to NICU, serving as their controls were randomly administered 5 min of nonnutritive sucking and a control condition. Behavioral state was measured using the Anderson Behavioral State Scale(ABSS). Heart rates were obtained for each infant before and during NNS and bottle feeding. Data collection was done by 3 experienced nurses in NICU 2 times a day for consecutive 4 days for each subject. Interrater reliability were .80-.90. The findings were as follows : 1. Preterm infants averaged active restless states 58.93% in the preintervention phase and 27.32% in the NNS phase. Inactive awake states were 3.57% in the preintervention phase and 34.64% in the NNS phase. 2. There were significantly more positive changes to inactive awake states for the NNS intervention, Z=-2.35, p=.01. 3. There was no statistically significant difference in heart rate change between NNS intervention and control condition, z=-1.15, p=.24. 4. The rates of feeding success determined by finishing prescribed amount of milk by bottle feeding within 15 minutes were 83.94% in NNS intervention and 89.29% in control condition. The findings from this study confirmed that NNS is effective for behavioral state modulation and inducing optimal state for feeding in preterm infant. The NNS intervention in nursing practice may help the transition of preterm infants for nipple feeding.
Birth Weight ; Bottle Feeding ; Data Collection ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Milk ; Nipples ; Nursing ; Weights and Measures ; Child Health

No abstract available.
Evidence-Based Medicine* ; Korea*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic value of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as opposed to Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of Chlamydia trachomatis in cervices of women with genital tract infection. METHODS: Sixty three samples (60 cervical samples and 3 pelvic abscess samples) from sixty women with genital tract infection or lesions such as vaginits, cervicitis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN), condyloma accuminata, tuboovarian abscess, preterm labor and premature repture of membranes were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis with PCR and EIA simultaneously. The primers for PCR were for 478 base pairs encoding Chlamydia cryptic plasmid gene RESULTS: Six cases (seven samples) (10%) out of 60 women were positive on PCR while one case (1.7%) was positive on EIA among these women. The positive rate of PCR Chlamydia test according to the diagnosis was as followings; 3 out of 19 cases (15.8%) of cervicitis, 2 out of 5 cases (40%) of CIN, 1 out of 3 cases (33.3%), ol tuboovarian abscess and 1 out of 7 cases (14, 3%) of preterm premature rupture of membranes showed positive Chlamydia test. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic testing of Chlamydia using PCR showed more sensitive for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis compared with EIA in women with genital tract infection. So Chlamydia PCR test is suggested to be valuable in appropriate treatment and prevention of Chlamydia infection especially in women with cervical lesions and pelvic inflammatory disease.
Abscess ; Base Pairing ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; Chlamydia Infections ; Chlamydia trachomatis* ; Chlamydia* ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Membranes ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ; Plasmids ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Pregnancy ; Reproductive Tract Infections ; Rupture ; Uterine Cervicitis

No abstract available.
Marketing*

No abstract available.
Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis*

No abstract available.
Clinical Medicine* ; Korea*

No abstract available.
Female ; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced* ; Iron* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy*

Cyclosporine A(CsA) is known as a potent immunosupressive agent, and recently its supressive effects of proteinuria in minimal change nephrotic syndrome, and other glomerular diseases have been demonstrated. But the mechanism of supression of proteinuria is not clear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of supression of proteinuria in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) induced minimal change nephrosis(MCN), by a single dose of PAN, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSG) by long term repeated administration of PAN with unilateral nephrectomy in Sprague-Dawley rats, using transmission electron microscopy. We also analysed the effects of CsA on the histopathologic changes such as glomerular sclerosis, and subtypes of infiltrated mononuclear cells in glomeruli and renal interstitium. The results are as follows: Marked proteinuria was developed in MCN and FSG groups. It was significantly reduced by administration of CsA. BUN and creatinine were significantly increased in FSG with the administration of CsA, compared with FSG without CsA. On ultrastructural examination, MCN group showed effacement of foot processes, and microvillous transformation. Occasional focal detatchment of podocytes from the GBM, vacuolar degeneration, and electron dense droplets in the podocytes were also seen. The latter findings were remarkably reduced by CsA. The Above ultrastructural findings, seen in the MCN group, were more severe in the FSG groups. On comparison of ultrastructural fingings of FSG with or without CsA groups, severe vacuolar degeneration, abundant electron dense granules, and focal detatchment of foot processes were more frequently seen in FSG groups and they were significantly reduced by CsA. But irregularity and thickening of GBM were deepend in FSG with CsA group. There were no significant differences of glomerular sclerosis, adhesion to the Bowman's capsules in both the MCN and the FSG groups by administration of CsA. Foamy degeneration of endothelial and mesangial cells, epithelial proliferation, hyalinosis and mononuclear infiltration were significantly reduced by CsA in FSG groups. Microcalcification was commonly seen in CsA administrated groups. The main sutype of infiltrated mononuclear cells in glomeruli and interstitium were monocytes in FSG groups. The proportion of T cells were higher in interstitium by disease progression and it was significantly decreased by CsA. On conclusion the most important ultrastructural changes, regarded as the main mechanism of supression of proteinuria is that the CsA stabilize the podocytes, by preventing vacuolar degeneration and focal detatchment. But CsA does not influence the progression of glomerular sclerosis in PAN induced nephrosis.

No abstract available.
Chorion* ; Chorionic Gonadotropin* ; Female ; Humans ; Laparotomy* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Tubal*

OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation of erythropoietin(EPO) levels and number of nucleated erythrocytes(NRBC) with measurements of blood gases and to investigate the obstetrical factors influencing the levels of EPO and number of NRBC in umbilical venous blood of non asphyxiated neonates. METHODS: Measurements of EPO levels by RIA, number of NRBC per 100 white blood cells(WBC) by blood smear and measurement blood gases were performed at delivery in umbilical venous blood from 117 cases of neonates with gestational age ranged from 29 to 42 weeks, including 77 cases of non-asphyxia and 40 cases of asphyxia. Statistcial analysis included Student's t test, linear regression and linear correlation using SPSS 7.0 version statistical package. RESULTS: The umbilical venous EPO level is correlated significantly with the number of NRBC (r2 =0.204, p<0.05). The level of EPO as well as the number of NRBC showed inverse correlation with umbilical venous pH(r=-0.223, P<0.05 ; r=-0.896, p<0.05). Number of NRBC showed correlation with pCO2 (r=0.700, P<0.01) and base deficit (r=0.316, p<0.01). The mean level of EPO in non-asphyxiated neonates was 26.2 +/-16.1 mIU/mL showing correlation with gestational age and birth weight and higher level in neonates delivered vaginally than those delivered by elective cesarean section (27.1+/-17.0 vs 18.8+/-6.7 mIU/mL, p=0.012). The mean number of NRBC in non-asphyxiated neonates was 2.5+/-2.1/100 wbc showing no difference according to mode of delivery, gestational age and birth weight. CONCLUSION: Number of NRBC not only correlated with cord gas parameters more strongly but also was less influenced by the obstetrical factors than EPO level.
Asphyxia ; Birth Weight ; Cesarean Section ; Erythroblasts* ; Erythropoietin* ; Female ; Gases* ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Linear Models ; Pregnancy