BACKGROUND: The potential adverse effects of ketamine in neurosurgical anesthesia have been well established. However, the effects of ketamine on intracranial pressure (ICP) and hemodynamics during general anesthesia remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of ketamine on hemodynamics and ICP in anesthetized, ventilated rabbits. METHODS: Thirty rabbits were divided into three groups: Group 1 (n=10) received 1 ml/kg normal saline iv; Group 2 (n=10) received 0.5 mg/kg ketamine iv; Group 3 (n=10) received 1.0 mg/kg ketamine iv. After induction with thiopental, anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. During controlled ventilation, ICP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and heart rate (HR) were measured. The ICP was measured using Ladd ICP monitoring system. All variables were evaluated at baseline and for 30 min following ketamine. RESULTS: In group 1, ICP, MAP, CPP and HR were unchanged over the course of the study. In group 2, ICP, MAP and CPP were unchanged. HR increased at 1, 3 and 5 min (p<0.01), 10 and 20 min (p<0.05) after injection. In group 3, ICP, MAP and CPP increased at 1 and 3 min (p<0.01) after injection. HR increased at 1, 3 and 10 min (p<0.01), 5 min (p<0.05) after injection. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg of ketamine don't significantly affect the hemodynamics and ICP in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated rabbits.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, General ; Arterial Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Intracranial Pressure* ; Isoflurane ; Ketamine* ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Perfusion ; Rabbits* ; Thiopental ; Ventilation

No abstract available.
Glaucoma* ; Manometry* ; Mass Screening*

No abstract available.

This study was carried out in order to examine the urinary excretion of electrolytes (Na, K) and their relationship with blood pressure, and to estimate the amount of daily salt intake in a rural community. From January to March in 1987, a mobile screening team visited 40 villages, and carried out health screening of 537 adult volunteers whose age were over 30 years and collected 12-hours overnight urine. To determine the completeness of collection, the urinary creatinine was measured. If the creatinine excretion was beyond the range given to the age group, the sample was excluded from the analysis as an imcomplete collection; 345 samples were remained for analysis. This study revealed the following results. 1. The mean excretion amounts of urinary electrolytes for 12 hours were Na 193.5 mEq, K 20.8 mEq, creatinine 1.0 g. The mean ratio of electrolytes were Na/K 9.84, Na/creatinine 0.44, K/creatinine 0.046. 2. Both the mean excretion amount of K and the mean ratio of K/creatinine were less in hypertensives than in normotensives. K excretion also showed a tendency towards a decrease in inverse proportion to systolic blood pressure when it exceeded 120 mmHg. There was no significant difference between the hypertensives and normotensives in Na excretion. The sodium to potassium ratio increased in proportion to systolic blood pressure. 3. The meand daily salt excretion amount was 22.4 g. Assuming that 90% of the intake was excreted, the estimated amount of daily salt intake was 24.9 g.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Creatinine ; Electrolytes ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Mass Screening ; Potassium ; Rural Population ; Sodium ; Volunteers

National examination for dietitian's license should be reliable and valid to appreciate the ability to carry out the duty as dietitians in diverse area. Thus, it is necessary to investigate whether the present examination accomplishes the task of the evaluation of ability to perform the minimum duty for dietitians. To analyzes the situation, professor in the university, who educate future dietitians, and currently employed dietitians are surveyed for their opinions about the validity of national examination and future directions. Also dietitian's duty analysis, foreign national system for dietitians license, current educational system, and duty analysis in different areas are analyzed. With results of data analysis and the public hearing, subjects for dietitians examination are proposed. The result are following. About current national examination, the average score of survey was 3.14 for overall examination, 3.54 for the reflection of current education, 2.98 for the minimum ability for the dietitian, 2.47 for the problem solving ability, 2.58 for the ability to adapt the environment, 3.27 for knowledge of the study which is necessary for dietitian, 3.27 for the comprehension, 3.18 for the application, 2.74 for the analysis, 2.84 for synthesis and 2.79 for evaluation. Professors and dietitians show the difference which was statistically significant(p<0.05). Among current 9 subjects for examination, food sanitation and clinical dietary therapy had high scores for validity. In the duty analysis (year 2000), distribution for each subjects were 55.58% for nutrition, 33.15% for food service and hygiene, 6.57% for foundation and 3.83% for food and cookery. By the survey result of dietitian in the food service and clinical setting with the duty analysis, distributions for subject which has above 2.0 score for the validity , difficulty, importance, and frequency , were 59.14% for nutrition, 22.43% for food service and hygiene, 10.26% for foundation, 4.03% for food and cookery, and the other appeared with 3.15%. With the fact that items for duty are composed of attitude items 18%, knowledge items 53%, and technical items 29%, current national examination which mostly evaluate knowledge has only 53% degree of the evaluation for the ability to perform at the job. The proportion of opinion which approves the integration of subjects was 80.3% for professors and 78.7% for dietitians. It was visible as approval, the approval rate of the whole 79.6%. For integrations of subjects for the examination and in what kind of form it was done, the investigation of opinion results in 4 subjects areas of foundation, nutrition, food and cookery, and food service and hygienic field. It was the opinion for 31.4% of the respondent.. With these results, it referred to the national examination and set to the making items in 4 subjects areas of foundation, nutrition, food and cookery, and food service and hygienic field. In the future, it is recommended that, even if subjects for the national examination of dietitians are not changed, the number of questions in the examination, the proportion in the item pool, management of pools, should be adjusted by the 4 subject areas.
Comprehension ; Cooking ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Food Services ; Hearing ; Hygiene ; Korea* ; Licensure* ; Nutritionists ; Problem Solving ; Sanitation ; Statistics as Topic

No abstract available.
Electrocardiography* ; Family Practice* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Syphilis*

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is an uncommon disease characterized by the presence of abnormal gastrointestinal symptoms, eosinophilic infiltration in one or more areas of the gastrointestinal tract, an absence of the indentifiable cause of eosinophilia and the exclusion of eosinophilic involvement in organs other than gut. The etiology is unknown, and the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Clinical presentations depend on the region of gastrointestinal tract involved and the depth of bowel involvement. We experienced a case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis involving entire GI tract with eosinophilic ascites in a 72-year-old female with abdominal distention and pain. The patient was treated with corticosteroid successfully. We report this case with a brief review of the literatures.
Aged ; Ascites* ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils* ; Female ; Gastroenteritis* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans

BACKGROUND: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute autoimmune demyelinating inflammatory polyneuropathy from which most patients ultimately recover satisfactorily. However, up to 22% of patients remain disabled and there is a mortality rate of 3-5%. Identification of prognostic factors for the recovery of walking in GBS is important in counsel-ing individual patients and for earlier therapeutic interventions. Therefore, we analyzed the case-records of patients with GBS to determine features that might be of value in determining outcomes. METHODS: Patients with GBS were recruit-ed according to the GBS diagnostic inclusion and exclusion criteria from 1985 to 1999. The factors including: age, interval from onset to maximal disability, degree of maximal functional disability at onset, presence and duration of artificial ventilation, presence of autonomic dysfunction, cranial nerve dysfunction, leukocytosis, and elevated CSF pro-tein, were analyzed to evaluate the determinant indicators for independent walking. RESULTS: Forty-four cases out of 83 GBS patients were selected. The mean duration of recovery to independent walking was 239 days. The severe maximal functional disability at onset, the order age, the shorter interval from onset to maximal disability and the presence of autonomic dysfunction were found to be significant factors on poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of maximal functional disability is the most determining factor for the recovery of walking in GBS. The older age at onset and the shorter time-interval from onset to maximal disability and the presence of autonomic dysfunction indicate poor prog-nostic factors in the recovery of walking in GBS.
Cranial Nerves ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome* ; Humans ; Leukocytosis ; Mortality ; Polyneuropathies ; Prognosis ; Ventilation ; Walking*

BACKGROUND: Immediate early gene (IEG) is supposed to be linked in the continuous seizure induced long-term changes of specific neurons. We tried to investigate the effects of focal interictal epileptiform discharges on the c-JUN expression in the rat brain which is not clearly understood. METHODS:Epidural electrodes were placed on a male Sprague-Dawley weighing 150~230 g and benzathine penicillin (Pc) was applied cortically. After focal interictal epileptiform discharges were successfully identified, EEG was recorded regularly. Cardiac perfusion and extraction of the brain was done at 2, 4, 24 hours and 1 week after the Pc application. Sixteen rats were evenly distributed into 4 groups. Immunocytochemical staining with specific antisera (Santa Cruz) was performed. RESULTS: The epileptiform discharges were induced within an hour after topical Pc applications. At 2 hours after Pc application, c-JUN was moderately expressed in the dentate gyrus (DG) and weakly expressed in the CA3 pyramidal cell, amygdala, pyriform cortex, thalamus, and neocortex. At 4 hours, c-JUN was minimally expressed in DG and other regions. Whereas, at 24 hours, c-JUN was maximally expressed in the DG and also in the CA3 pyramidal cell, amygdala, pyriform cortex, thalamus, and neocortex. One week after Pc application, c-JUN was moderately expressed in the DG and weakly expressed in the CA3 pyramidal cell, amygdala, pyriform cortex, and neocortex. CONCLUSIONS: This data showed that even focal interictal epileptic activity can induce IEG encoded c-JUN protein in the specific distant brain regions of a rat until a late period and the expression pattern showed a synchronous and bimodal pattern.
Amygdala ; Animals ; Brain* ; Dentate Gyrus ; Electrodes ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Male ; Neocortex ; Neurons ; Penicillin G ; Penicillin G Benzathine ; Perfusion ; Pyramidal Cells ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Seizures ; Thalamus