Surgical techniques for facial rejuvenation have become highly progressed in the last decade. Until recently, little attention has been paid to the intrinsic mechanisms of skin changes, such as wrinkling, surface irregularities, and alterations of pigmentation, and other various aging phenomena. Superficial facial wrinkling was not embraced seriously. This attitude has changed for the better, and among the many methods and techniques now available are Trichlor Acetic Acid(TCA), Phenol, Alpha Hydroxy Acid, and several different types of laser peeling methods. Skin resurfacing has undergone many changes and still is in the process of evolution. My personal experience with Phenol, TCA, and dermabrasion began in 1990. In this article, I tried to explain the basic methods of skin resurfacing for physicians and surgeons who are not in the esthetic fields. Chemical peeling, laser peeling, and dermabrasion share common characteristics of would healing. For compiling the subtopic that relates to the resurfacing, I rather concentrated my writing on chemical peeling due to the short life-cycle of laser peeling technique with ever-developing new laser machines. New techniques and procedures continue to evolve rapidly. I have no doubt that what is written in this article will be improved or become obsolete, or even be discarded in the future. Since the ideas and techniques are not static, but incessantly moving forward toward perfection.
Aging ; Dermabrasion ; Humans ; Phenol ; Pigmentation ; Rejuvenation ; Skin* ; Surgeons ; Writing

No abstract available.
Fever*

Free migration of health professionals in the WTO Doha Development Agenda has become a major concern among member countries. Keeping up-to-date registers of qualified doctors with good standing is crucial to protect the society. The Ministry of Health is the medical licensing authority in Korea. However, the stamping and distribution of the licences for the 21 different health professionals are the only functions of the authority so far. Once licence is issued, it can be used without further super-vision or evaluation, even when fitness to practice may be in doubt. To claim the equivalence of quality of the licence, each country should develop sophisticated systems of supervising maintenance of competence of doctors like the General Medical Council of the U.K., The Provincial Licensing Authorities of Canada, or the National Medical Council of France. These licensing bodies are established by national law for the public interest and not by doctors themselves, as opposed to the regional medical associations whose main concerns are money and work. This type of social system represents an effort to keep the autonomy of health professionals by rigorous self-control. Therefore the public supports the decision of licensing authorities regarding the conflicts raised from medical malpractice. By doing so, these organizations can lead the good medical practice and promote high standards of medical education. Faced with the globalization phenomena, it is the right time to establish an independent civilian licensing authority in Korea which would enable fellow doctors to devote themselves to the maintenance of high standards of professionalism.
Canada ; Education, Medical ; France ; Health Occupations ; Internationality ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Licensure ; Malpractice ; Mental Competency ; Professionalism ; Self-Control

No abstract available.
Funnel Chest*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant* ; Neurofibroma*

No abstract available.
Discrimination (Psychology)* ; Foot*

To clarify the characteristics of HBV-associated renal lesions, renal biopsies obtained from 22 HBsAg seropositive patients(M:F=32:1) were studied. Other than two(age 4 and 12), all were adults(17-77 y.o.). Twelve of the patients had nephrotic syndrome(NS), 5 NS and hematuria(H), 10 proteinuria and H, one gross H, one microscopic H, and 4 normal urinalysis at the time of biopsy. Light microscopy showed minimal change lesion(MCL) in 9 cases, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis(MSPGN) in 6, MPGN type I in 7, MPGN type III in 6, and mebranous nephropathy(MGN) in 5 cases. There were variable immunofluorescent(IF) findings of 25 cases studied; IF staining were predominant with IgG in 10 cases, with IgA in 5 and with IgM in 2 cases. Complements tended to be more strong for C1 &/or C4 than C3. In electron microscopic(EM) studies of MCL group, rare mesangial deposits were noted(3/5). In MSPGN, aside from mesangial deposits, there were occasional subendothelia(2/4) or subepithelial(1/4) deposits. In MPGN type I, in addition to the usual EM features of MPGN, some subepithelial deposits were also observed in 5 cases. In MGN, 3 out of 4 showed subendothelial deposits. Among 7 cases stained for HBsAg all were negative with IF and 2 were positive with PAP method. It is concluded that clinico-pathological findings of HBV-associated nephropathy are variable and partly show lupus-like features, different from primary glomerulopathy.
Adult ; Male ; Female ; Humans ; Biopsy

We examined stool specimens of the residents in the emigration camp in Tijuana, Mexico for helminth eggs or protozoan cysts with formalin-ethyl acetate concentration method in February and July 1992. Out of 92 examined samples, number of positive was 49 (53.3%). While number of cumulative positive was 66 (71.7%). Cysts of Entamoeba coli (29.3%) Giardia lamblia (9.8%), Entamoeba histolytica (7.6%), and eggs of Taenia spp. (6.5) were most frequently observed. Filtered water supply and chemotherapy were required in this camp.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Concentration Camps ; *Emigration and Immigration ; Eukaryota/isolation & purification ; Feces/parasitology ; Female ; Helminths/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Male ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Middle Aged

We investigated the cold reaction of fingers in cold water as a criterion of peripheral resistance to frostbite in order to obtain elementary data to improve farmers' health. Experiments were carried out on 81 farmers and 64 urbanites at 20±2°C, 55±5% RH with sitting position on the floor. The finger skin temperatures of the subjects were measured while the left middle finger of each subject was immersed in cold water or 0°C for 30 minutes and recorded once every one minute with the thermistor. We also compiled statistics on the following items: mean finger skin temperature (MST), finger skin temperature at initial rising after immersion (TFR), time for the appearance of initial rising after immersion (TTR), cold resistance index (RI), etc. The results were as follows RI was higher in farmers than in urbanites, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. In men, RI was lower in farmers than in urbanites, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. By contrast, in women, TFR and RI were significantly higher in farmers than in urbanites. MST was significantly higer in women than in men, but RI was no statistically significant difference. By age, the men in their 30's showed significantly the highest MST and the shortest TFR. RI was significantly higher in the men in their 30's than others. In women, however, the difference in RI was of no statistical significance. By region, MST was the highest in Seoul dwellers. RI was the highest in Okku dwellers, but there was no statistically significant difference among regions.
These results indicated that farmers tended to be higher than urbanites in cold resistance index.

After briefly reviewing theories of standard setting we analyzed the problems of the current cut scores. Then, we reported the results of need assessment on the standard setting among medical educators and psychometricians. Analyses of the standard setting methods of developed countries were reported as well. Based on these findings, we suggested the Bookmark and the modified Angoff methods as alternative methods for setting standard. Possible problems and challenges were discussed when these methods were applied to the National Medical Licensing Examination.
Developed Countries ; Licensure* ; Psychometrics