Avulsion fractures are common in athletes and result from high-impact or sudden, forceful movements involving the separation of a bone fragment at the ligament or tendon attachment site. The key focus areas include the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial collateral ligament, anterolateral complex, arcuate complex, medial patellofemoral ligament, patellar tendon, and quadriceps tendon. Diagnostic approaches combine radiography with advanced imaging techniques, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, to elucidate the extent of injury and guide treatment decisions. Treatment ranges from conservative management for non-displaced fractures to surgical intervention for displaced fractures, with strategies customized based on the specific ligament involved and the nature of the fracture.

The purpose of this study was to compare surface hardness between titanium-nitride coated crowns (TiNCs) and stainless steel crowns (SSCs), and to evaluate the corrosion resistance and color sustainability of TiNCs.
Ten TiNCs and 10 SSCs were used for the hardness test. Measurement was performed 30 times for each type of crowns, and the mean values were compared. Metallic raw material plates (before being processed into crowns) of TiNCs and SSCs were prepared for the corrosion resistance test. The total amounts of metal ion releases in the test solution were detected by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Five TiNCs were subjected to the color sustainability test by applying repetitive brushing forces.
The mean hardness values of TiNC group and SSC group were 395.53 ± 105.90 Hv and 278.70 ± 31.45 Hv respectively. Hardness of TiNCs were significantly higher than that of SSCs. The total amounts of metal ion releases from the materials of TiNCs and SSCs satisfied the criterion in International Organization for Standardization 22674. The results mean that TiNCs and SSCs were not harmful in an acidic environment. The golden coating was stable against the repetitive physical stimulations for a given period time.

Molar-incisor malformation (MIM) is a newly reported dental anomaly with molar root deformity and incisor crown defects. MIM-affected teeth may cause severe pain with no apparent tooth caries. Since the affected molars clinically appear normal, radiographs are recommended for accurate diagnosis on the first visit. Since MIM-affected patients are in mixed dentition, timely and appropriate interventions are needed to avoid unnecessary pain and complicated clinical issues. This report was written to describe two patients who had MIM in early mixed dentition and report their 2-year follow-ups.

The healing potential of the meniscus is limited because of the complex morphological features and insufficient blood supply. Various surgical procedures are used to treat meniscal lesions, such as partial meniscectomy, repair, and allograft transplantation. On the other hand, such strategies cannot fully regenerate and restore the morphology and functional aspects of the meniscus. This paper reviews the key aspects concerning meniscus regeneration, biological augmentation strategies, meniscus replacement scaffolds, cell therapies, and emerging tissue engineering technologies.

The healing potential of the meniscus is limited because of the complex morphological features and insufficient blood supply. Various surgical procedures are used to treat meniscal lesions, such as partial meniscectomy, repair, and allograft transplantation. On the other hand, such strategies cannot fully regenerate and restore the morphology and functional aspects of the meniscus. This paper reviews the key aspects concerning meniscus regeneration, biological augmentation strategies, meniscus replacement scaffolds, cell therapies, and emerging tissue engineering technologies.

The healing potential of the meniscus is limited because of the complex morphological features and insufficient blood supply. Various surgical procedures are used to treat meniscal lesions, such as partial meniscectomy, repair, and allograft transplantation. On the other hand, such strategies cannot fully regenerate and restore the morphology and functional aspects of the meniscus. This paper reviews the key aspects concerning meniscus regeneration, biological augmentation strategies, meniscus replacement scaffolds, cell therapies, and emerging tissue engineering technologies.

In children, prolonged primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection or reactivation may lead to the development of T or natural killer cell lymphoproliferative disorders, classified as chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV). CAEBV is a prolonged systemic illness lasting beyond three months, with elevated EBV DNA levels in the serum or affected tissue and a lack of underlying immunodeficiency. Notably, EBV is the most common virus that induces secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported to trigger HLH. We present the case of a 20-year-old Korean male who was diagnosed with CAEBV and developed HLH after being infected with COVID-19. The patient met 7 out of 8 criteria for HLH. Following treatment with corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, the patient recovered from HLH without additional chemotherapy. HLH treatment should be tailored to each patient based on clinical presentation and disease severity.Prolonged and regular evaluation for developing HLH or lymphoma is necessary for patients with CAEBV.

BACKGROUND: Interictal spikes in gelastic epilepsy-hypothalamic hamartoma syndrome are mainly in the fronto-temporal area. Current source analysis of the interictal spikes has not been done enough. We tried the current source analysis in 2 patients with gelastic epilepsy-hypothalamic hamartoma syndrome using both of the discrete and distributed models. METHODS: Twenty 1 sec epochs including the negative peak of the spikes, were selected from one or two electroencephalographic recordings respectively in each patient. These 20 epochs were averaged into a single spike. The current dipole sources of the averaged spike were analyzed and located on a spherical head model. The current source density of the negative peak point of the averaged spike was located on the Talairach human brain map. RESULTS: The current dipole sources were in the right subcallosal gyrus, or the right or left anterior cingulate gyri. The current source density was distributed in the bilateral medial frontal area including the anterior cingulate gyri. CONCLUSIONS: The interictal spikes of patients with gelastic epilepsy-hypothalamic hamartoma syndrome may be generated by the current sources located in the bilateral medial frontal area.
Brain ; Hamartoma ; Head ; Humans

Objectives: Tic disorders are highly heritable; however, growing evidence suggests that environmental factors play a significant role in their pathogenesis. Studies on these factors have been inconsistent, with conflicting results. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the associations of pre- and perinatal exposure to Tourette syndrome (TS) or chronic tic disorders (CTD) in Korean school-aged children. Methods: This case-control study used data from a large prospective cohort study. The primary outcome was TS/CTD diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria and Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version-Korean Version. Demographic, pre-, and perinatal information was obtained from the maternal questionnaires. Data between the TS/CTD and control groups were compared using the chi-squared or Student’s t-test, as appropriate. Two-step logistic regression analyses were used to test the association between TS/CTD and pre- and perinatal risk factors. Results: We included of 223 children (78 with TS/CTD and 145 controls). Significant differences in the demographic data between the two groups were observed. The male sex ratio, mean parental age, parental final education level, and family history of tics were included as confounders. In the final adjusted multivariable model, TS/CTD was significantly associated with antiemetic exposure during pregnancy (odds ratio [OR]=16.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49–185.22, p=0.02) and medically assisted reproduction (OR=7.89, 95% CI 2.28–27.28, p=0.01). Conclusion Antiemetic exposure and medically assisted reproduction are significantly associated with the risk of TS/CTD. These results should be replicated in future prospective and gene-by-environment studies.

Differentiating Crohn’s disease (CD) from intestinal tuberculosis (TB) is a challenge. In patients suspected of having CD or intestinal TB compounded with active pulmonary TB in its early stages, clinicians often lean towards a diagnosis of intestinal TB. A 14-year-old female patient was admitted with symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea with hematochezia. Colonoscopy revealed a stricture of the ileocecal valve and scattered longitudinal ulcers. Initial chest radiography showed consolidation in the left lower lobe of the lung. Chest CT revealed branching nodular opacities and consolidation. The TB PCR of the bronchial washing fluid was positive. The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary and intestinal TB. The colonoscopy findings favored CD. Despite this, anti-tubercular therapy was initiated based on the radiology findings and PCR test. After treatment with anti-tubercular therapy, the patient’s diarrhea and abdominal pain worsened despite the improvement observed on her chest radiography. Follow-up colonoscopy revealed aggravation of her ulcers. The patient was diagnosed with CD and treated with prednisolone and mesalazine. Her clinical condition improved, and follow-up colonoscopy showed significant improvement of the ulcers. This case highlights the need for caution in diagnosis and suggests that clinicians consider reevaluation in similar cases.