This study was carried out to longitudinally investigate the iron and zinc intakes and correlation with growth performance of 25 male breast-and formula-fed infants from 1 to 3 months postpartum, longitudinally. There were four groups breast fed(BF) and three formula fed groups((FFM, FFN and FFP). Milk intakes and the concentration of iron and zinc from human milk and the formulas were measured. The iron content of human milk was 2.07+/-1.05(0.63~5.65) microgram/ml. The zinc content was 2.43+/-1.14(0.70~5.30) microgram/ml. Both were not significantly different among postpartum months. The average iron intake of the breast-fed and formula-fed infants was 1.6+/-0.7mg/day and 8.4+/-2.3mg/day, respectively. The iron intake of breast-fed infants was higher than previous reports. And that of formula-fed infants was higher than the RDA. The average zinc intake of the breast-fed group was 1.9+/-0.9mg/day and formula-fed infants' was 2.7+/-0.7mg/day, which was higher than the RDA. There was no correlation between these mineral intakes and the growth performance during 1 to 3 postpartyum months. So, extensive studies of the iron content of human milk and wide cross-sectional studies for establishing iron and zinc recommended dietary allowances for infants are needed.
Breast ; Humans ; Infant* ; Iron* ; Longitudinal Studies* ; Male ; Milk ; Milk, Human ; Postpartum Period ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Zinc*

The relationship between dietary practices and juvenile delinquency was studied using a dietary survey. Subjects were selected from juvenile delinquents who were under the supervision of the Seoul Probation Office of the Ministry of Justice. The study group consisted of 52 male and 52 female delinquents. As a control group, 104 exemplary high school students were selected in Seoul. A questionnaire was designed to find out the subjects' general characteristics, dietary habits, lifestyle, eating behavior, food frequency, and nutrient intake using the 24-hour recall method. Compared to the exemplary students, the juvenile delinquents were significantly different in education level, family status, monthly allowance, residence status, breast fed, parents' education level, parents' concern. In dietary habits, fifty-eight percent of the juvenile delinquents ate 2 or fewer meals per day, preferred to eat with friends, and liked hot tasting foods. The juvenile delinquents consumed more ion drinks (OR=9.26 CI: 3.83-22.37), rameon (OR=7.67 CI: 3.21-18.33), cola (OR=6.75 CI: 2.91-15.69), soft drinks (OR=6.12 CI: 2.53-14.81), steamed korean sausage (OR=5.34 CI:2.31-12.32), hamburger (OR=5.15 CI: 1.91-13.87), kimbab (OR=3.63 CI: 1.76-7.46), ddokbokgi (OR=3.17 CI: 1.58-6.38), candy (OR=3.08 CI: 1.41-6.73), white rice (OR=2.59 CI: 1.19-5.64), hotdog (OR=2.52 CI: 1.31-4.86), and less rice mixed with grains (OR=0.02 CI: 0.01-0.05), tangerine (OR=0.06 CI: 0.02-0.20), milk (OR=0.29 CI: 0.14-0.60), roasted fish (OR=0.32 CI: 0.28-0.99, anchovy (OR=0.35 CI: 0.17-0.72), seaweed (OR=0.37 CI: 0.16-0.83), and tofu (OR=0.48 CI: 0.23-0.99) than the exemplary students. With respect to the juvenile delinquents, the nutrient intakes lower than 75% of the Korean RDA were for riboflavin (75.0%) and calcium (47.9%) among the boys, and calcium (46.9%) and iron (60.4%) among the girls. To prevent juvenile delinquency, nutritional education and well-balanced school food service meals should be emphasized so as to improve the management of dietary practices.
Breast ; Calcium ; Candy ; Carbonated Beverages ; Edible Grain ; Cola ; Education ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food Habits ; Food Services ; Friends ; Humans ; Iron ; Juvenile Delinquency ; Korea* ; Life Style ; Male ; Meals ; Milk ; Organization and Administration ; Riboflavin ; Seaweed ; Seoul ; Social Justice ; Soy Foods ; Steam ; Surveys and Questionnaires

A 64-year-old male patient with liver cirrhosis underwent a CT study for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance, which demonstrated a 1.4-cm hypervascular subcapsular tumor in the liver. On gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI, the tumor showed brisk arterial enhancement and persistent hyperenhancement in the portal phase, but hypointensity in the hepatobiliary phase. On diffusion-weighted MRI, the tumor showed an apparent diffusion coefficient twofold greater than that of the background liver parenchyma, which suggested that the lesion was benign. The histologic diagnosis was intrahepatic bile duct adenoma with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.
Adenoma, Bile Duct/*diagnosis/etiology ; Bile Duct Neoplasms/*diagnosis/etiology ; *Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic ; Contrast Media/diagnostic use ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods ; Gadolinium DTPA/diagnostic use ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/*complications/diagnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged

Background: The relationship between serum vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms has not been consistent in previous studies in Korean women. Menopause is known to be related to depression and vitamin D. Methods: This study included 11,573 women from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Serum vitamin D levels were divided into four groups according to quartiles, and depressive symptoms were collected into two groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted in each group of women before and after menopause. Results: Compared with the highest vitamin D group, the lowest vitamin D group did not show significant differences in all females (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-1.22). In premenopausal women, compared to the first quartile, ORs were presented in the second quartile (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.53-1.07), third quartile (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.49-1.00) and fourth quartile (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.92) respectively, and they were statistically significant (P=0.016). In postmenopausal women, compared to the first quartile, ORs were presented in the second quartile (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.78-1.44), third quartile (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.87-1.61), and fourth quartile (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.98-1.66) respectively; however, they were not statistically significant (P=0.057). Conclusions Depression symptoms increased with a decrease in serum vitamin D in premenopausal women, but the opposite trend was observed in postmenopausal women. In future studies, if the relationship between blood vitamin D and depression is studied, the menopausal status of women can be used as an important criterion.

Purpose: To assess associations between surveillance intervals in a national hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance program and receiving curative treatment and mortality using nationwide cohort data for Korea. Materials and Methods: Using the National Health Insurance Service Database of Korea, we retrospectively identified 3201852 patients, the target population of the national HCC surveillance program, between 2008 and 2017. After exclusion, a total of 64674 HCC patients were divided based on surveillance intervals: never screened, ≤6 months (6M), 7–12 months (1Y), 13–24 months (2Y), and 25–36 months (3Y). Associations for surveillance interval with the chance to receive curative therapy and all-cause mortality were analyzed. Results: The 6M group (51.9%) received curative therapy more often than the other groups (1Y, 48.3%; 2Y, 43.8%; 3Y, 41.3%; never screened, 34.5%). Odds ratio for receiving curative therapy among the other surveillance interval groups (1Y, 0.87; 2Y, 0.76; 3Y, 0.77;never screened, 0.57; p<0.001) were significantly lower than that of the 6M group. The hazard ratios (HRs) of all-cause mortality were 1.07, 1.14, and 1.37 for 2Y, 3Y, and never screened groups. The HR for the 1Y group (0.96; p=0.092) was not significantly different, and it was lower (0.91; p<0.001) than that of the 6M group after adjustment for lead-time bias. Curative therapy was associated with survival benefits (HR, 0.26; p<0.001). Conclusion HCC surveillance, especially at a surveillance interval of 6 months, increases the chance to receive curative therapy.

Purpose: To assess associations between surveillance intervals in a national hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance program and receiving curative treatment and mortality using nationwide cohort data for Korea. Materials and Methods: Using the National Health Insurance Service Database of Korea, we retrospectively identified 3201852 patients, the target population of the national HCC surveillance program, between 2008 and 2017. After exclusion, a total of 64674 HCC patients were divided based on surveillance intervals: never screened, ≤6 months (6M), 7–12 months (1Y), 13–24 months (2Y), and 25–36 months (3Y). Associations for surveillance interval with the chance to receive curative therapy and all-cause mortality were analyzed. Results: The 6M group (51.9%) received curative therapy more often than the other groups (1Y, 48.3%; 2Y, 43.8%; 3Y, 41.3%; never screened, 34.5%). Odds ratio for receiving curative therapy among the other surveillance interval groups (1Y, 0.87; 2Y, 0.76; 3Y, 0.77;never screened, 0.57; p<0.001) were significantly lower than that of the 6M group. The hazard ratios (HRs) of all-cause mortality were 1.07, 1.14, and 1.37 for 2Y, 3Y, and never screened groups. The HR for the 1Y group (0.96; p=0.092) was not significantly different, and it was lower (0.91; p<0.001) than that of the 6M group after adjustment for lead-time bias. Curative therapy was associated with survival benefits (HR, 0.26; p<0.001). Conclusion HCC surveillance, especially at a surveillance interval of 6 months, increases the chance to receive curative therapy.

BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are one type of representing total infections in compromised patients. To analyze the characteristics and to determine the prognostic factors of IFI in patients with hematologic diseases undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and/or chemotherapy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients (n=122) who received antifungal treatment with the impression of fungal infection complicating post-HSCT or chemotherapy from March- 2000 to February-2001. RESULTS: Seventy-four out of 122 registered patients belonged to the IFI on the basis of EORTC/ MSG criteria. Six patients were proven IFI, 46 were probable, and 22 were in the category of possible one. The most commonly involved organ was lower respiratory tract (72/74). The mortality was 32.4%. Univariate analysis revealed duration of hospitalization, days to diagnosis of IFI, and total amount of amphotericin B as significant prognostic factors. But multivariate analysis determined only duration of hospitalization from these variables as an independently influencing factor on the prognosis. CONCLUSION: Invasive fungal infection is still the major threatening complication of HSCT and chemotherapy. Further follow-up and extension of this study is necessary to elucidate more prognostic factors.
Amphotericin B ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematologic Diseases* ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation* ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells* ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prognosis ; Respiratory System ; Retrospective Studies ; Sodium Glutamate

BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are one type of representing total infections in compromised patients. To analyze the characteristics and to determine the prognostic factors of IFI in patients with hematologic diseases undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and/or chemotherapy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients (n=122) who received antifungal treatment with the impression of fungal infection complicating post-HSCT or chemotherapy from March- 2000 to February-2001. RESULTS: Seventy-four out of 122 registered patients belonged to the IFI on the basis of EORTC/ MSG criteria. Six patients were proven IFI, 46 were probable, and 22 were in the category of possible one. The most commonly involved organ was lower respiratory tract (72/74). The mortality was 32.4%. Univariate analysis revealed duration of hospitalization, days to diagnosis of IFI, and total amount of amphotericin B as significant prognostic factors. But multivariate analysis determined only duration of hospitalization from these variables as an independently influencing factor on the prognosis. CONCLUSION: Invasive fungal infection is still the major threatening complication of HSCT and chemotherapy. Further follow-up and extension of this study is necessary to elucidate more prognostic factors.
Amphotericin B ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematologic Diseases* ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation* ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells* ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prognosis ; Respiratory System ; Retrospective Studies ; Sodium Glutamate

OBJECTIVE: Smoking related cues may elicit smoking urges and psychophysiological responses in subjects with nicotine dependence. This study aimed to investigate the effect of repeated virtual cue exposure therapy using the surround-screen based projection wall system on the psychophysiological responses in nicotine dependence. METHODS: The authors developed 3-dimensional neutral and smoking-related environments using virtual reality (VR) technology. Smoking-related environment was a virtual bar, which comprised both object-related and social situation cues. Ten subjects with nicotine dependence participated in 4-week (one session per week) virtual cue exposure therapy. Psychophysiological responses [electromyography (EMG), skin conductance (SC), and heart rate] and subjective nicotine craving were acquired during each session. RESULTS: VR nicotine cue elicited greater psychophysiological responses and subjective craving for smoking than did neutral cue, and exposure to social situation cues showed greater psychophysiological responses in SC and EMG than did object-related cues. This responsiveness decreased during the course of repeated therapy. CONCLUSION: The present study found that both psychophysiological responses and subjective nicotine craving were greater to nicotine cue exposure via projection wall VR system than to neutral cues and that enhanced cue reactivity decreased gradually over the course of repeated exposure therapy. These results suggest that VR cue exposure therapy combined with psychophysiological response monitoring may be an alternative treatment modality for smoking cessation, although the current findings are preliminary.
Cues ; Heart ; Implosive Therapy ; Nicotine ; Skin ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Use Disorder

Adrenocorticotropin-independent adrenal hyperplasias are rare diseases, which are classified into macronodular (>1 cm) and micronodular (≤1 cm) hyperplasia. Micronodular adrenal hyperplasia is subdivided into primary pigmented adrenocortical disease and a limited or nonpigmented form 'micronodular adrenocortical disease (MAD)', although considerable morphological and genetic overlap is observed between the 2 groups. We present an unusual case of a 44-month-old girl who was diagnosed with Cushing syndrome due to MAD. She had presented with spotty pigmentation on her oral mucosa, lips and conjunctivae and was diagnosed with multiple bone tumors in her femur, pelvis and skull base at the age of 8 years. Her bone tumor biopsies were compatible with osteoblastoma. This case highlights the importance of verifying the clinicopathologic correlation in Cushing syndrome and careful follow-up and screening for associated diseases.
Biopsy ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Conjunctiva ; Cushing Syndrome* ; Female ; Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperplasia* ; Lip ; Mass Screening ; Mouth Mucosa ; Osteoblastoma* ; Pelvis ; Pigmentation ; Rare Diseases ; Skull Base