Sulfated compounds are widely present in cytoplasm, on cell surface, and in extracellular matrix. These compounds play important roles in cell development, differentiation, immune response, detoxication, and cell signal transduction. 3-Phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is the universal sulfate group donor for the biosynthesis of sulfated compounds. Up to now, the synthesis of PAPS is still too expensive for industrial applications. This review focuses on the recent progress of PAPS production and summaries the application of PAPS, particularly in the production of glucosinolate, heparin, condroitin sulfate, and oxamniquine production.
Cell Differentiation ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate ; metabolism ; Sulfates

新冠病毒感染疫情严重威胁着世界各国人民的生命健康。目前，对病毒感染的防治研究主要集中在抑制病毒与分子受体的结合上。AXL作为新发现的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型（SARS-CoV-2）受体，在协助病毒感染人体呼吸系统中发挥着重要作用，是未来临床干预的潜在靶点。本研究对已发表的单细胞测序数据进行整理和分析，发现AXL在年轻人肺细胞中的表达水平明显高于老年人。人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞（2BS）是衰老研究的公认细胞株。本文采用2BS细胞构建复制性细胞衰老模型，发现年轻细胞中AXL的蛋白水平明显高于衰老细胞，据此推测年轻人感染的风险可能更高，需要注意防护。我们发现一种羊栖菜褐藻多糖硫酸酯组分（SFW-3）可显著下调年轻2BS细胞中AXL的表达水平，表明SFW-3具有一定的抗SARS-CoV-2感染的研究价值，同时表明2BS细胞株也可作为潜在的SARS-CoV-2体外感染模型。
Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sargassum/metabolism* ; Diploidy ; Sulfates/metabolism* ; COVID-19 ; Polysaccharides/pharmacology* ; Lung

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the typical sulfation glycosaminoglycan and widely applied in the industries of pharmaceutical, health products and cosmetic for its peculiar properties. CS is the main component of cartilage proteoglycans in animal and capsular polysaccharide in a few bacteria. CS can be extracted from animal sources and produced via microbial fermentation. In this article, development of chondroitin sulfate by fermentation, biosynthesis and regulating mechanisms of CS in bacteria are described. Furthermore, prospect and tendency of chondroitin sulfate from bacterial fermentation are addressed.
Bacillus subtilis ; metabolism ; Bacteria ; genetics ; metabolism ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; biosynthesis ; Escherichia coli ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Genetic Engineering ; Industrial Microbiology ; Pasteurella multocida ; metabolism

Naringenin (1) was transformed to three metabolites (2-4) by Mucor sp. Based on LCMS(n)-IT-TOF and NMR spectroscopic data, 2-4 were identified as naringenin-7-O-sulphate, naringenin-4'-O-sulphate, and naringenin-5-O-sulphate, respectively. These results might provide hints to the mammalian/human metabolism of naringenin.
Biotransformation ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Flavanones ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Mucor ; metabolism ; Sulfates ; metabolism

Minor fibrillar collagen types V and XI, are those less abundant than the fibrillar collagen types I, II and III. The alpha chains share a high degree of similarity with respect to protein sequence in all domains except the variable region. Genomic variation and, in some cases, extensive alternative splicing contribute to the unique sequence characteristics of the variable region. While unique expression patterns in tissues exist, the functions and biological relevance of the variable regions have not been elucidated. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge about expression patterns and biological functions of the collagen types V and XI alpha chains. Analysis of biochemical similarities among the peptides encoded by each exon of the variable region suggests the potential for a shared function. The alternative splicing, conservation of biochemical characteristics in light of low sequence conservation, and evidence for intrinsic disorder, suggest modulation of binding events between the surface of collagen fibrils and surrounding extracellular molecules as a shared function.
Alternative Splicing ; genetics ; Animals ; Fibrillar Collagens ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Sulfates ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Surface Properties ; Tyrosine ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; metabolism

In order to make sure whether Panax notoginseng is sensitive to chloridion and guide fertilization in planting of P. notoginseng, the effects of the different proportion of potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) on the yield, quality of P. notoginseng were studied. The results showed that K fertilizer significantly improved the growth of P. notoginseng and increased the biomass per plant or per pot and the content of N, P, K and the content of saponin. In cases of conditions such as potassium, and the effects of K2SO4 on increasing the petiole length, leaf size, rhizome length, root length, and content and accumulation of Ginsenoside Rg1 were better than those of KCl. While compared with K2SO4, KCl was more conducive to augmenting height, root width, the biomass of shoot, rhizome, root and the content of Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd. There was not remarkable difference in agronomic characters, biomass and the content of N, P, K among KCl, K2SO4 and the combination of KCl and K2SO4. However, the content of saponin of the treatment with combination of KCl and K2SO4 was significant higher than that of single KCl or K2SO4 treatments. K fertilizer significantly increased yield and the content of saponins. And P. notoginseng was not sensitive to chloridion. KCl increased the yield and the content of saponins of P. notoginseng as well as K2SO4, and the combination treatment was superior to single treatment. It is recommended that the KCl should be adopted in production, to reduce the cost of potash fertilizer.
Agriculture ; Fertilizers ; analysis ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Potassium Chloride ; analysis ; metabolism ; Quality Control ; Soil ; chemistry ; Sulfates ; analysis ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of cultivation techniques on the flower yield flavonoid content in Chrysanthemum flower grown in Hebei.

METHODStudied on flowers yield and three factors (transplanting date and plant density and fertilizer quantity) were examined in field experiment at 4 treatments levels.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe best results were obtained at following conditions: diammonium phosphate 300 kg x hm(-2) and potassium sulfate 150 kg x hm(-2) fertilized before transplanting, transplanting at the first ten days of May and the spacing 40 cm x 40 cm.

Biomass ; China ; Chrysanthemum ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Fertilizers ; Flavonoids ; metabolism ; Flowers ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Gardening ; methods ; Phosphates ; Plants, Medicinal ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Seasons ; Sulfates

INTRODUCTIONTo prevent long-term unfavourable consequences to the articular cartilage of weight-bearing joints, serum biomarkers can be used to identify optimum loading of activities. This study aimed to investigate the circulation pattern of serum cartilage biomarkers in healthy adults in response to an uphill walk.

METHODSThis study recruited 58 healthy participants for the experimental group and 24 matched participants for the control group. Participants in the experimental group walked continuously for 14 km on a pathway with a 5.97° incline, while participants from the control group walked on a horizontal pathway. Serum was collected from both groups preactivity (i.e. T1), immediately after activity (i.e. T2) and 24 hours after T1 (i.e. T3). The serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), chondroitin sulfate-WF6 (WF6) and hyaluronic acid (HA) levels at each time point were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and the results analysed.

RESULTSBoth groups shared similar demographic characteristics and activity duration. At T2, the serum COMP level of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group, but the serum HA level of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group. No significant difference between the serum WF6 levels of the experimental and control groups was observed at T2.

CONCLUSIONIncreasing levels of serum COMP demonstrate articular cartilage susceptibility to the increasing load. An unsustainable, high serum COMP level and an undetectable change in WF6 level were considered to be a reversible physiological change of the cartilage. A change in ser um HA level could be related to intensive physical activity and dynamic clearance rather than a change in cartilage structure.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Biomarkers ; blood ; Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein ; blood ; Cartilage, Articular ; metabolism ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; blood ; Female ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid ; blood ; Male ; Time Factors ; Walking ; Young Adult

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Aged ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Fats ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Female ; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; drug therapy ; etiology ; therapy ; Sulfates ; administration & dosage

SATB1 plays a crucial role in the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer,and inhibition of SATB1 expression can effectively control breast cancer metastasis. In this study,homogeneous polysaccharides were isolated from Poria cocos and their sulfated derivatives were prepared to screen out the polysaccharide compositions with inhibitory effects on SATB1 expression. Smal-molecule components were removed from P. cocos by ethanol extraction,and P. cocos crude polysaccharide PPS was obtained by water extraction and ethanol precipitation. Then PPS was successively separated by DEAE Sepharose fast flow anion-exchange and Superdex-75 gel permeation chromatographic steps to give PPSW-1. The structure of PPSW-1 was identified and its sulfated derivatives were prepared. Then their inhibitory effects on human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were investigated. A kind of polysaccharide,PPSW-1 with inhibitory effect on human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells,was obtained from P. cocos,with a relative molecular weight of 3. 06×104,and structure of 1,6-branched 1,3-α-D-galactan. PPSW-1 and its sulfated derivative Sul-W-1 showed good inhibitory effect on cells migration,and the water solubility of Sul-W-1 was better than that of PPSW-1. In addition,it was found that polysaccharide of P. cocos and its sulfated derivative can inhibit expression of SATB1. In this study,a kind of homogeneous polysaccharide with inhibitory effect on human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells was isolated from P. cocos,and its sulfated derivative with similar efficacy but better solubility was prepared,laying the foundation for the substance basis study of P. cocos.
Breast Neoplasms ; pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; Humans ; Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; Phytochemicals ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Polysaccharides ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Sulfates ; Wolfiporia ; chemistry