In the livestock field, human body sterilizer is one of the methods used to prevent the spread of contagious animal diseases. Disinfection methods include spraying disinfectants, irradiating ultraviolet rays, and generating anions using photocatalysts; however, their effectiveness remains to be clarified. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to verify the pathogen-killing efficacy of the human body sterilizer and propose improvements. Experiments were conducted using a disinfectant spraying model and an ultraviolet single and ultraviolet-photocatalyst composite model. In the bactericidal experiment using Salmonella Typhimurium, the killing effect recorded in both hard and organic conditions did not exceed the standard value. The disinfectant spraying model showed a relatively high effect on the mannequin’s shoulders and arms. Meanwhile, in the virucidal experiment using low pathogenic avian influenza, the killing effect observed in both hard and organic conditions did not exceed the standard value, and no significant difference was observed between the models by site. Notably, the disinfectant spraying model showed a tendency to increase pathogen reduction with increasing exposure time in both bacterial and viral experiments. Human body sterilizer has limitations such as damage from drug exposure, short periods of physical exposure, and the lack of their own disinfection function. Given the current challenges in manufacturing an ideal human body sterilizer, supplementary measures should be implemented to prevent the spread of pathogens by farm entrants. These measures include efficiently utilizing shoe disinfectants, which are crucial in pathogen prevention, and providing disposable clothing.

In the livestock field, human body sterilizer is one of the methods used to prevent the spread of contagious animal diseases. Disinfection methods include spraying disinfectants, irradiating ultraviolet rays, and generating anions using photocatalysts; however, their effectiveness remains to be clarified. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to verify the pathogen-killing efficacy of the human body sterilizer and propose improvements. Experiments were conducted using a disinfectant spraying model and an ultraviolet single and ultraviolet-photocatalyst composite model. In the bactericidal experiment using Salmonella Typhimurium, the killing effect recorded in both hard and organic conditions did not exceed the standard value. The disinfectant spraying model showed a relatively high effect on the mannequin’s shoulders and arms. Meanwhile, in the virucidal experiment using low pathogenic avian influenza, the killing effect observed in both hard and organic conditions did not exceed the standard value, and no significant difference was observed between the models by site. Notably, the disinfectant spraying model showed a tendency to increase pathogen reduction with increasing exposure time in both bacterial and viral experiments. Human body sterilizer has limitations such as damage from drug exposure, short periods of physical exposure, and the lack of their own disinfection function. Given the current challenges in manufacturing an ideal human body sterilizer, supplementary measures should be implemented to prevent the spread of pathogens by farm entrants. These measures include efficiently utilizing shoe disinfectants, which are crucial in pathogen prevention, and providing disposable clothing.

In the livestock field, human body sterilizer is one of the methods used to prevent the spread of contagious animal diseases. Disinfection methods include spraying disinfectants, irradiating ultraviolet rays, and generating anions using photocatalysts; however, their effectiveness remains to be clarified. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to verify the pathogen-killing efficacy of the human body sterilizer and propose improvements. Experiments were conducted using a disinfectant spraying model and an ultraviolet single and ultraviolet-photocatalyst composite model. In the bactericidal experiment using Salmonella Typhimurium, the killing effect recorded in both hard and organic conditions did not exceed the standard value. The disinfectant spraying model showed a relatively high effect on the mannequin’s shoulders and arms. Meanwhile, in the virucidal experiment using low pathogenic avian influenza, the killing effect observed in both hard and organic conditions did not exceed the standard value, and no significant difference was observed between the models by site. Notably, the disinfectant spraying model showed a tendency to increase pathogen reduction with increasing exposure time in both bacterial and viral experiments. Human body sterilizer has limitations such as damage from drug exposure, short periods of physical exposure, and the lack of their own disinfection function. Given the current challenges in manufacturing an ideal human body sterilizer, supplementary measures should be implemented to prevent the spread of pathogens by farm entrants. These measures include efficiently utilizing shoe disinfectants, which are crucial in pathogen prevention, and providing disposable clothing.

In the livestock field, human body sterilizer is one of the methods used to prevent the spread of contagious animal diseases. Disinfection methods include spraying disinfectants, irradiating ultraviolet rays, and generating anions using photocatalysts; however, their effectiveness remains to be clarified. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to verify the pathogen-killing efficacy of the human body sterilizer and propose improvements. Experiments were conducted using a disinfectant spraying model and an ultraviolet single and ultraviolet-photocatalyst composite model. In the bactericidal experiment using Salmonella Typhimurium, the killing effect recorded in both hard and organic conditions did not exceed the standard value. The disinfectant spraying model showed a relatively high effect on the mannequin’s shoulders and arms. Meanwhile, in the virucidal experiment using low pathogenic avian influenza, the killing effect observed in both hard and organic conditions did not exceed the standard value, and no significant difference was observed between the models by site. Notably, the disinfectant spraying model showed a tendency to increase pathogen reduction with increasing exposure time in both bacterial and viral experiments. Human body sterilizer has limitations such as damage from drug exposure, short periods of physical exposure, and the lack of their own disinfection function. Given the current challenges in manufacturing an ideal human body sterilizer, supplementary measures should be implemented to prevent the spread of pathogens by farm entrants. These measures include efficiently utilizing shoe disinfectants, which are crucial in pathogen prevention, and providing disposable clothing.

In the livestock field, human body sterilizer is one of the methods used to prevent the spread of contagious animal diseases. Disinfection methods include spraying disinfectants, irradiating ultraviolet rays, and generating anions using photocatalysts; however, their effectiveness remains to be clarified. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to verify the pathogen-killing efficacy of the human body sterilizer and propose improvements. Experiments were conducted using a disinfectant spraying model and an ultraviolet single and ultraviolet-photocatalyst composite model. In the bactericidal experiment using Salmonella Typhimurium, the killing effect recorded in both hard and organic conditions did not exceed the standard value. The disinfectant spraying model showed a relatively high effect on the mannequin’s shoulders and arms. Meanwhile, in the virucidal experiment using low pathogenic avian influenza, the killing effect observed in both hard and organic conditions did not exceed the standard value, and no significant difference was observed between the models by site. Notably, the disinfectant spraying model showed a tendency to increase pathogen reduction with increasing exposure time in both bacterial and viral experiments. Human body sterilizer has limitations such as damage from drug exposure, short periods of physical exposure, and the lack of their own disinfection function. Given the current challenges in manufacturing an ideal human body sterilizer, supplementary measures should be implemented to prevent the spread of pathogens by farm entrants. These measures include efficiently utilizing shoe disinfectants, which are crucial in pathogen prevention, and providing disposable clothing.

Abstract: These days abattoirs' hygiene of Korea is regulated by Hazzard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). Although 20 years have been left since first HACCP was adjusted in Korea, 12% of abattoirs got inconsistence on evaluations. Food poisoning caused by bacteria feces like pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella has not decreased. These bacteria on meat crosscontaminate at the abattoir. Therefore, field verification of abattoir's critical control point (CCP) and experiments to find alternative ways of the CCP were conducted. The aerobic bacteria were measured before and after high-pressure water based washing process set as CCP in most abattoirs. Four parts of cattle carcasses were selected to apply sponge-swab method. The effects were < 1 log reduction which is not significant. Lactic acid (LC), chlorine dioxide (ClO2 ) and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) were used to measure the effect of reducing bacteria on beef by the different time. LC has 1.24–2.02 log reduction for aerobic bacteria. ClO2 has 1.44–1.96 log reduction for aerobic bacteria. SAEW has 1.1–1.91 log reduction for aerobic bacteria. There was significant difference according to concentrations (p < 0.05). This study presents legitimacy for hygiene improvement of CCP by field verification. In addition, chemical disinfectants that can be mechanically applied have better reduction effects of high-pressure washing.

No abstract available.
Aphasia* ; Humans ; Stroke*

No abstract available.
Meningioma* ; Visual Fields*

Background: A nationwide outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in South Korea caused massive economic losses in 2010. Since then, the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA) has enhanced disinfection systems regarding livestock to prevent horizontal transmission of FMD and Avian influenza (AI). Although the amount of disinfectant used continues to increase, cases of FMD and AI have been occurring annually in Korea, except 2012 and 2013. Objectives: This study measured the concentration of the disinfectant to determine why it failed to remove the horizontal transmission despite increased disinfectant use. Methods: Surveys were conducted from February to May 2017, collecting 348 samples from disinfection systems. The samples were analyzed using the Standards of Animal Health Products analysis methods from QIA. Results: Twenty-three facilities used inappropriate or non-approved disinfectants. Nearly all sampled livestock farms and facilities—93.9%—did not properly adjust the disinfectant concentration. The percentage using low concentrations, or where no effective substance was detected, was 46.9%. Furthermore, 13 samples from the official disinfection station did not use effective disinfectant, and—among 72 samples from the disinfection station—88.89% were considered inappropriate concentration, according to the foot-and-mouth disease virus guidelines; considering the AIV guideline, 73.61% were inappropriate concentrations. Inappropriate concentration samples on automatic (90.00%) and semi-automatic (90.90%) disinfection systems showed no significant difference from manual methods (88.24%). Despite this study being conducted during the crisis level, most disinfectants were used inappropriately. Conclusions This may partially explain why horizontal transmission of FMD and AI cannot be effectively prevented despite extensive disinfectant use.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Little is known about the relationships between provoking risk factors, prognosis, and optimal duration of anticoagulation in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), especially in Asians. We aimed to investigate whether the prognosis and required duration of anticoagulation in CVT patients differ according to the provoking risk factors. METHODS: Prospectively recorded data from a tertiary medical center in South Korea were retrospectively reviewed. CVTs were categorized into three groups: unprovoked, those with possibly resolved provoking factors (PR), and those with persistent provoking factors (PP). The baseline characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of patients in these three groups were analyzed. RESULTS: From 2000 to 2015, 61 patients presented with CVT: 19 (31.1%) unprovoked, 11 (18.0%) with PR, and 31 (50.9%) with PP. The patients in our cohort had a slight female predominance and lower frequency of oral contraceptive use compared to Western cohorts. Median follow-up and duration of anticoagulation were 35 and 8 months, respectively. Despite the similarities in baseline characteristics, deaths (n=3; P=0.256) and recurrences (n=7; P=0.020) were observed only in the PP group. The median intervals to death and recurrence were 9 and 13 months, respectively. Death was associated with underlying disease activity, not with CVT progression. Recurrences in the PP group were associated with lack of anticoagulation (P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Although the prognosis of CVT is generally benign in Koreans, recurrence and death were observed in patients with persistent risk factors, suggesting their need for long-term treatment with anticoagulants.
Anticoagulants ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Prognosis* ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Venous Thrombosis*