The effect of NDMA after oral administration (17 mg/ml) on the glycoconjugates of lingual von Ebner's gland and mucous gland were investigated with lectin histochemical methods. For lectin histochemical studies, the biotinylated lectins (DBA, PNA, SBA, BSL -1, sWGA, RCA -1, LCA, UEA -1, and ConA) were applied. Lectin binding patterns of glycoconjugates of lingual von Ebner's gland showed the decreased affinity for DBA, PNA, BSL -1 and sWGA in NDMA -treated group compared with control group. The remarkable decrease of binding affinity of NDMA -treated group was observed in PNA for 12 and 24 hours, DBA for 96 hours, BSL -1 for 72 hours, and sWGA for 3 hours, while the striking decrease of BSL -1 and sWGA binding was observed in NDMA -treated group for 12 hours. But these decreases of binding were tended to recover in PNA and sWGA after 72 hours of NDMA treatment, and in DBA after 120 hours. The binding affinity of SBA and RCA -1 was decreased in NDMA -treated group for 3 hours, while the other NDMA -treated group showed an increased affinity. Especially, the increase of SBA binding was remarkable. There was a little change in binding affinity of UEA -1, LCA and Con A in NDMA -treated group. Lectin binding patterns of glycoconjugates of lingual mucous gland showed decreased affinities for SBA, sWGA and UEA -1 in NDMA -treated group. The striking decreases of binding affinity for NDMA -treated group was observed in SBA and sWGA for 3 hours, and UEA -1 for 3 and 24 hours. And the remarkable decreases of binding affinity for NDMA -treated group was found in SBA for 24 and 48 hours, sWGA for 48, 72 and 96 hours, and UEA -1 for 48 hours. These decreases of binding affinity of NDMA -treated group were tended to recover in SBA and UEA -1 after 96 hours and in sWGA after 120 hours. The binding affinity for PNA and ConA showed a little but not remarkable increase in NDMA - treated group, and LCA binding showed a little decrease following a little increase in NDMA - treated group. The affinity of DBA binding was decreased in NDMA -treated group for 12 hours and 24 hours, while the other NDMA -treated group showed an increased affinity. Especially, there was a remarkable increase in NDMA -treated group for 96 hours. From these results, it is suggested that the toxicity of NDMA may be related with the carcinogen of the rat tongue, and glycoconjugates are concerned with the repaire of the destruction of the lingual mucous acini.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Dimethylnitrosamine* ; Glycoconjugates* ; Lectins ; Rats* ; Salivary Glands* ; Strikes, Employee ; Tongue ; von Ebner Glands

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine an increase in the number of younger and middle-aged people who have a stroke and the differences in their recovery experience compared with older people. METHODS: The research question for this study was "What is the recovery experience of young adults and middle-aged people who suffer a stroke?". In order to answer the question, the grounded theory method was utilized. The data was collected through individual in-depth interviews of six participants, their age ranged from 36 to 45 years old. RESULTS: After comparative analysis, the core category was "standing up for oneself with limit". The experience process were categorized into four stages: 'Facing Reality stage', 'Motivation stage', 'Desire Recovery stage', 'Self-Overcoming stage'. CONCLUSION: Most of the research for the recovery process was prognostic in nature and the results. This study was demonstrated certain indicators which can be useful in further research.
Humans ; Middle Aged ; Recovery of Function ; Stroke ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the experience of teaching emergency management and cardiopulmonary resuscitation to medical students in Busan. METHODS: Study participants were 59 medical students in Busan. An eight-day curriculum in the emergency management and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was developed. They completed all class sessions and two drill/practical examinations taught by our interdisciplinary team from July 21 through 30, 2003. Each class is approximately 2 hours and reading assignments are given at the end of each class. Also included are practical, table-top and team-building exercises. The participants completed self-reported questionnaires for the education. RESULTS: About establishment and environment of the education, respondents answered with `very good' were 14%. About overall theoretical lecture, respondents answered with `very helpful' were lower than 40%. Especially, favorable evaluation for the medical lectures was lower than that of other lectures. Students generally enjoyed their emergency medicine experience as it is often their first opportunity to assume primary responsibility for patient care. About overall practices, respondents answered with 'very helpful' were higher than 60%. CONCLUSION: The authors found that medical students prefer opportunities to hone procedural skills than to hear theoretical lectures. Also, medical students are welcome to hear theoretical lectures that consists of emergency management related contents, not academically medical contents. This curriculum should be tailored to fulfill learner's requirements.
Busan* ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Curriculum ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Medicine ; Exercise ; Humans ; Lectures ; Patient Care ; Students, Medical*

PURPOSE: The attachment level is strongly associated with tooth loss and provides useful information on patterns of destruction of the periodontium. The presence of horizontal attachment loss would not be detected in clinical measurement. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to estimate the patterns of periodontal destruction based on the attachemnt area and horizontal attachment loss in extracted teeth due to severe periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 307 teeth satisfied the criteria for assessment. An indirect method, based on digital images obtained from a digital camera and an image analysis program, was used to calculate the area of root surface and attachment loss and the extent of horizontal attachment loss. The data were analysed using SPSS. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences among root surfaces were observed in anterior teeth on the loss of attachment area. However, in posterior teeth statistically significant differences in palatal surfaces of maxillary and mandibular premolar and molar surfaces compared with buccal surfaces were observed. Horizontal attachment loss was observed in 21.5% of the teeth examined. Frequency of horizontal attachment loss was highest in the maxillary first premolar (34.8%), followed by the maxillary second premolar (27.3%) and maxillary canine (25%). The mean length of horizontal attachment loss was 1.5mm. CONCLUSION: More meticulous examination will be needed of the palatal surfaces of maxillary and mandibular premolar and molar teeth. The percentage of teeth with horizontal attachment loss greater than 2.1 mm was 5.2%. Considering the length of curette blades, about 5.2% of teeth were not properly debrided. Therefore, Additional supportive therapy such as local drug delivery has to be considered in treatment of the first maxillary, second premolar and canine due to the high prevalence of horizontal attachment loss.
Bicuspid ; Molar ; Periodontitis ; Periodontium ; Prevalence ; Tooth ; Tooth Loss

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of self-esteem and social support on the depression stati of some clinical nurses, and propose basic data for a depression care program. METHODS: Between March 31 and April 5 at 2006, a self-reporting questionnaire survey was administered to 200 nurses at a general hospital located in Gyeonggi-do. The Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess the subjects'depression stati. RESULTS: The average BDI score of the clinical nurses was 8.9+/-7.5, with 59% belonging to the normal category, 28% having mild depressive symptoms, and 13% with a moderate degree of depressive symptoms. The degree of depression was significantly increased in the clinical nurses with a lower self-esteem and less social support. The degree of depression was significantly increased in the clinical nurses with a lower self-esteem and less social support. According to a multivariate regression analysis, a significant association was found between self-esteem and social support in relation to the depression of clinical nurses. The effect of social support was found to not be significant in cases where the self-esteem was high: however, depression was significantly influenced by social support in cases where the self-esteem was low. CONCLUSION: Self-esteem and social support were observed to influence the depression stati of clinical nurses. Therefore, it is suggested that an increase in depression management programs is required to create systematic management to maintain an atmosphere of high self-esteem and close relationships to manage the depression of clinical nurses.
Atmosphere ; Depression* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Hospitals, General ; Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Several studies have described the use of bipolar fractional radiofrequency (FRF) treatment not only to reverse aging or restore photo-damaged skin but also to treat acne and acne-related scarring with a low downtime and few potential complications. However, few histological studies have been conducted to identify the precise mechanism responsible for the success of bipolar FRF treatment. OBJECTIVE: To compare thermal tissue damage and wound repair after exposure to bipolar FRF and ablative CO₂ laser treatment. METHODS: We irradiated the skin of an albino rat (Sprague-Dawley, 200∼250 g) using a CO₂ laser and a bipolar FRF device. Biopsy specimens of the irradiated skin were collected on the first, third and fourteenth day after treatment. For histological analysis, the skin samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Verhoeff-van Gieson stain. RESULTS: Immediately after bipolar FRF treatment, the skin samples showed coagulated columns in the dermis forming a pyramidal zone of sublative thermal injury. Three days after treatment, they showed re-epithelialization with minimal crust formation. Compared to the ablative CO₂ laser, bipolar FRF treatment showed lower epidermal disruption and more extensive dermal remodeling, with a rapid tissue repair response to the damage. CONCLUSION: With bipolar FRF treatment, wound repair is rapid with minimal recovery time and pigmentary complications. The bulk impact of coagulation and residual heating occurring deep within the dermis causes significant collagen contracture and remodeling, leading to effective improvement in skin texture and wrinkles, acne scars, and dyschromia in all skin types.
Acne Vulgaris ; Aging ; Animals ; Biopsy ; Cicatrix ; Collagen ; Contracture ; Dermis ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Heating ; Hematoxylin ; Hot Temperature ; Rats* ; Re-Epithelialization ; Skin* ; Wounds and Injuries*

BACKGROUND: Several studies have described the use of bipolar fractional radiofrequency (FRF) treatment not only to reverse aging or restore photo-damaged skin but also to treat acne and acne-related scarring with a low downtime and few potential complications. However, few histological studies have been conducted to identify the precise mechanism responsible for the success of bipolar FRF treatment. OBJECTIVE: To compare thermal tissue damage and wound repair after exposure to bipolar FRF and ablative CO₂ laser treatment. METHODS: We irradiated the skin of an albino rat (Sprague-Dawley, 200∼250 g) using a CO₂ laser and a bipolar FRF device. Biopsy specimens of the irradiated skin were collected on the first, third and fourteenth day after treatment. For histological analysis, the skin samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Verhoeff-van Gieson stain. RESULTS: Immediately after bipolar FRF treatment, the skin samples showed coagulated columns in the dermis forming a pyramidal zone of sublative thermal injury. Three days after treatment, they showed re-epithelialization with minimal crust formation. Compared to the ablative CO₂ laser, bipolar FRF treatment showed lower epidermal disruption and more extensive dermal remodeling, with a rapid tissue repair response to the damage. CONCLUSION: With bipolar FRF treatment, wound repair is rapid with minimal recovery time and pigmentary complications. The bulk impact of coagulation and residual heating occurring deep within the dermis causes significant collagen contracture and remodeling, leading to effective improvement in skin texture and wrinkles, acne scars, and dyschromia in all skin types.
Acne Vulgaris ; Aging ; Animals ; Biopsy ; Cicatrix ; Collagen ; Contracture ; Dermis ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Heating ; Hematoxylin ; Hot Temperature ; Rats* ; Re-Epithelialization ; Skin* ; Wounds and Injuries*

The incidence of anomalous aortic origin of the coronary arteries in the general papulation is unknown. In recent reports from various laboratories, the incidence was between 0.6-12% in patients referred for coronary arteriogtaphy. Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva is reported to constitute from 6% to 27% of all coronary anomalies, For many years pathologists classified it as a minor anomaly of no clinical importance. Recently, manifstations of myocardial ischemia have been described in patients with this anomaly in the absence of additional atherosclerotic or other disease processes. These manifestations have included acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, syncope, nonfatal ventricular fibrillation, and sudden death. We report a case of 56-year-old male with the anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva, who had been admitted due to severe substernal chest pain and acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. The coronary angiography revealed that the right coronary artery originated from the left coronary sinus without significant atheroscleotic narrowing. The anomalous right coronary artery passed anteriorly between pulmonary artery and aortic root without significant coronary obstruction.
Angina Pectoris ; Chest Pain ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Sinus ; Coronary Vessels ; Death, Sudden ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Pulmonary Artery ; Sinus of Valsalva ; Syncope ; Ventricular Fibrillation

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by progressive heterotopic ossifica-tion in muscle and connective tissue, with few reported cases affecting the head and neck region. Although plain radiographic findings and computed tomography features have been well documented, limited reports exist onmagnetic resonance findings. This report presents 2 cases of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, one with limited mouth opening due to heterotopic ossification of the lateral pterygoid muscle and the other with restricted neck movement due to heterotopic ossification of the platysma muscle. Clinical findings of restricted mouth opening or limited neck movement, along with radiological findings of associated heterotopic ossification, should prompt consideration of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva in the differential diagnosis. Dentists should be particularly vigilant with patients diagnosed with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva to avoid exposure to diagnostic biopsy andinvasive dental procedures.

Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA) is an autosomal-dominant inheritable form of hyperaldosteronism with early onset hypertension. GRA is caused by unequal crossing-over of the steroid 11beta-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) genes. As a result of chimeric gene duplication, aldosterone is ectopically synthesized in the adrenal zona fasciculata under the control of adrenocorticotropin. Here, we describe three cases of GRA in a Korean family. The proband-a 21-yr-old female-was incidentally found to have high blood pressure (170/108 mmHg). Her 46-yr-old father had been treated twice for cerebral hemorrhage at the ages of 29 and 39 yr. Her 15-yr-old brother had a 2-yr history of hypertension; however, he was never treated. Their laboratory test results showed normokalemia, hyporeninemia, hyperaldosteronism, and a high plasma aldosterone concentration-to-plasma renin activity ratio. Normal saline loading failed to suppress aldosterone secretion. However, dexamethasone administration effectively suppressed their plasma aldosterone concentrations. Following genetic analyses with PCR and direct sequencing to document the chimeric gene and crossover site, respectively, we identified CYP11B1/CYP11B2 and determined the breakpoint of unequal crossover to be located between intron 2 of CYP11B1 and exon 3 of CYP11B2.
Adolescent ; Aldosterone/blood ; Aldosterone Synthase/*genetics ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; Dexamethasone/therapeutic use ; Family ; Female ; Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hyperaldosteronism/diagnosis/drug therapy/*genetics ; Hypertension/etiology ; Magnetic Resonance Angiography ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Renin/blood/metabolism ; Republic of Korea ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase/*genetics ; Young Adult