Palatal tremor and Kernohan-Woltman notch phenomenon are rare motor symptoms that can show up in patients with lesion in brain stem or cerebellum. Patients with palatal tremor accompany ataxia, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, dysphagia, dysarthria and Kernohan-Woltman notch phenomenon causes ipsilateral motor deficits. Although its rarity, these conditions exhibit unexpected symptoms as well as considerable disability, which can raise etiologic and prognostic concerns for rehabilitation team. These two motor symptoms are discussed in this review.
Ataxia ; Brain Stem* ; Cerebellum ; Deglutition Disorders ; Dysarthria ; Humans ; Ocular Motility Disorders ; Rehabilitation ; Tremor

PURPOSE: To compare the multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) system to full-field ERGs obtained from patients with known retinal diseases in order to assess its clinical applicability. METHODS: Full-field ERGs, mfERG, fluorescein angiography, visual field examination were performed in normal person and in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinal vein occlusion, Vogot-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, central serous chorioretinopathy, macular degeneration or retinal detachment. RESULTS: The dysfunctional areas measured by mfERG were well compatible to those assumed by findings of full-field ERGs. However, the results of mfERG in the retina with central serous chorioretinopathy were shown abnormal response despite of normal response of full-field ERGs. The results of mfERG in the retina with macular degeneration showed abnormal response although other findings (e.g. Full-filed ERGs, FAG, Fundus ) were normal. CONCLUSIONS: The mfERG system is useful for electroretinographic field mapping and evaluating retinal function clinically.
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ; Electroretinography* ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration ; Retina ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinal Diseases ; Retinal Vein ; Retinal Vein Occlusion ; Retinaldehyde ; Retinitis Pigmentosa ; Visual Fields

Cerebral blood volume (CBV) is a hemodynamic correlate of oxygen metabolism and changes due to neuronal activity. CBV alteration may precede other hemodynamic correlates and provide an early indication of hemodynamic impairment. CBV can be easily quantified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); moreover, CBV MRI has a strong point of high resolution compared to other neuroimaging modalities. The early and accurate assessments of cerebral metabolism and the brain map with the high resolution of CBV MRI enable advanced neurorehabilitation examinations in a neuroimaging study.
Blood Volume* ; Brain ; Hemodynamics ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Metabolism ; Neuroimaging ; Neurological Rehabilitation ; Neurons ; Oxygen

For the effective rehabilitation of chronic pain, it is necessary to know the changes in the pain networks of patients with chronic pain. There is a need for attention to changes in emotional pain networks and cognitive pain networks. In patients with chronic pain, post-exercise pain reduction is less pronounced than in those without chronic pain. In order to achieve the exercise effect, emotional problems must be considered in addition to the patient's physical changes. In addition, a detailed prior explanation is needed to raise the expectations for exercise effect, moreover, in order to continue exercising for a safe and long period, exercise suitable for patients should be selected and low-intensity exercise protocols should be provided.

No abstract available.
Humans ; Retinoschisis*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the damage to the inner retina in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), we recorded multifocal electroretinograms (mfERG) and analyzed the waveform changes of the first and the second order kernel responses. METHODS: Eight eyes of patients with unilateral BRVO were included. Fourteen eyes of 14 normal subjects were also tested as controls. VERIS system was used to record mfERG. The first and the second order kernel responses of each quadrant were averaged. Averaged responses were compared with those of the contralateral eyes and normal control eyes. RESULTS: The amplitudes of averaged tracing decreased in the N1, P1, and N2 of the first order kernel responses in the affected quadrant in comparison with those of contralateral and normal control eyes (P<0.05). Prolongation of latency was noted in N1, P1 and N2 in the affected quadrant. In the second order kernel responses of the affected quadrant, no responses were found in four patients. The delay in latency and the decrease in amplitude were more marked in the second order kernel responses than in the first order kernel responses (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The first order mfERG components decreased in amplitude and increased in latency, with N2 being the most severely affected. And the second order mfERG components were more decreased in the affected area in patients with BRVO. These results suggested that the second order kernel responses may reflect the condition of the inner retina better than the first order kernel responses.
Humans ; Retina ; Retinal Vein Occlusion* ; Retinal Vein* ; Retinaldehyde*

PURPOSE: To evaluate diagnostic ability of macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC), macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) measurements in glaucoma using swept source deep range imaging optical coherence tomography (DRI OCT-1, Topcon Co., Tokyo, Japan). METHODS: From August of 2014 to July of 2015, 109 eyes of 109 subjects were assessed for the average thickness and sectional thickness of both mGCC and mGCIPL to determine whether there exists any significant difference among advanced stage glaucoma group, early stage glaucoma group and normal group in Swept source OCT. Comparisons were also made between the above measurements and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness measurements in their diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS: The diagnostic ability of mGCC based-mean thickness value (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.78/0.99) in detecting early stage glaucoma group as well as advanced stage group was not significantly different from that of cpRNFL thickness measurement. However, there was a significant difference in thickness between mGCIPL (AUC = 0.70) and cpRNFL in early stage glaucoma groups (p = 0.018). The sensitivities and specificities of mGCC were 0.95/0.97, and those of mGCIPL were 0.92/0.97, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The two swept source OCT based methods measuring retinal ganglion cell layer thickness appeared to have a good diagnostic accuracy, high sensitivity and specificity in detecting glaucomatous eyes. Nevertheless, of the two methods, mGCC thickness measurement was more efficient in detecting early glaucomatous changes.
Ganglion Cysts* ; Glaucoma* ; Nerve Fibers ; Retinal Ganglion Cells ; Retinaldehyde ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tomography, Optical Coherence*

PURPOSE: To assess retinal electrophysiologic dysfunction in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) with multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) and full-field electroretinograms (Full-field ERG). METHODS: 24 patients with unilateral CSC and 24 age-similar control group underwent fundus exam, fluorescein angiography, mfERG and full-field ERG. The results of testing of patients with CSC in the affected and fellow eyes were compared with the age-similar normal controls. RESULTS: All of the patients had central macular detachments in the affected eyes, while the fellow eyes were normal. In fluorescein angiography, all of the patients had small, focal hyperfluorescent leak in early phase in the affeted eyes, while the fellow eyes were nonspecific findings. The results of full-field ERG were not significantly different between unilateral CSC patient and normal control group. In mfERG, amplitude of both affected and fellow eyes were significantly decreased in the entire test field of retina comparing with normal controls (P<0.05), while implicit time increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Not only affected eyes but fellow eyes of the patients with CSC had abnormal responses in the first order kernel. These results suggested that not only affected but also fellow eyes possibly had underlying pathologic condition as abnormal chorioidal circulation. mfERG may be useful in evaluating the retinal function of affected and fellow eyes with CSC patients.
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy* ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde

The temporal lobe is essential in saving declarative memory and plays an important role along with the cerebral neocortex in creating and maintaining long-term memory. Damage to the temporal lobe is expected to result in cognitive impairment or dementia, which has characteristic symptoms such as cognitive and behavioral dysfunction and decreasing self-reliance in activities of daily living. We report on a patient, who suffered from dementia due to meningovascular syphilis affecting the medial temporal lobe, and on the outcome of cognitive rehabilitation.
Activities of Daily Living ; Dementia ; Humans ; Memory ; Memory, Long-Term ; Neocortex ; Syphilis ; Temporal Lobe

The temporal lobe is essential in saving declarative memory and plays an important role along with the cerebral neocortex in creating and maintaining long-term memory. Damage to the temporal lobe is expected to result in cognitive impairment or dementia, which has characteristic symptoms such as cognitive and behavioral dysfunction and decreasing self-reliance in activities of daily living. We report on a patient, who suffered from dementia due to meningovascular syphilis affecting the medial temporal lobe, and on the outcome of cognitive rehabilitation.
Activities of Daily Living ; Dementia ; Humans ; Memory ; Memory, Long-Term ; Neocortex ; Syphilis ; Temporal Lobe