Alzheimer's disease is increasingly common in elderly population with a large socioeconomic burden. Current available drugs for Alzheimer's disease are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Much effort is directed towards not just symptomatic treatments but disease-modifying treatments. Several drugs with differing targets and mechanisms of action are under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Phase III trials of dimebon, Ginkgo biloba, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenserine, statins, semagacestat, tarenflurbil, tramiprosate, valproate, xaliproden have been completed without demonstrating adequate efficacy. Encouraging results would be expected from ongoing phase III trials of bapineuzumab and solanezumab. The clinical trials for the disease-modifying treatment of Alzheimer's disease have resulted in both promise and disappointment.
Aged ; Alanine ; Alzheimer Disease ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Azepines ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Flurbiprofen ; Ginkgo biloba ; Humans ; Indoles ; N-Methylaspartate ; Naphthalenes ; Physostigmine ; Pyridines ; Taurine ; Valproic Acid

No abstract available.
Animals ; Doxorubicin* ; Mononuclear Phagocyte System* ; Rats* ; Vincristine*

Due to an increasing interest in esthetics and concerns about toxic and allergic reactions to certain alloys, patients and dentists have been looking for metal-free tooth-colored restorations. Recent improvement in technology of new all-ceramic materials and composite materials has broadened the options for esthetic single crown restorations. The aim of this investigation was to study the fracture strength of the metal-free posterior single crowns fabricated using two recently introduced systems, Empress 2 ceramic and Targis-Vectris. Forty premolar-shaped stainless steel dies with the 1mm-wide circumferential shoulder were prepared. Ten cylindrical crowns having a diameter of 8.0mm and total height of 7.5mm were fabricated for each crown system respectively (PFM, Empress staining technique, Empress 2 layering technique, and Targis-Vectris). The crowns were filled with cement and placed on the stainless steel dies with firm finger pressure. The crowns were then stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours before testing. The crowns were tested for fracture strength in an Instron universal testing machine (Instron 6022). With a crosshead speed of 1mm/min the center of the occlusal surface of the crown was loaded using a 4mm-diameter stainless steel ball until fracture occurred. The fracture surfaces of the crowns were gold coated and examined using scanning electron microscopy (Jeol JSM-840 Joel Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan). Within the parameters of this study the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The mean fracture strength for PFM crowns was 5829(+/-906)N; for Empress staining technique the fracture strength was 1697(+/-604)N; for Empress 2 Layering technique the fracture strength was 1781N(+/-400)N, and the fracture strength for Targis-Vectris was 3093(+/-475)N. 2. The fracture strength of the PFM crowns was significantly higher than that of the Empress 2 and the Targis-Vectris crowns (P<0.05). 3. The fracture strength of the Targis-Vectris crowns was significantly higher than that of the Empress 2 crowns (P<0.05). 4. No statistical difference was found when Empress staining technique was compared with Empress 2 layering technique. 5. The SEM image of fracture surface of Empress 2 crown showed a very dense microstructure of the lithium disilicate crystals and the SEM image of fracture surface of Targis-Vectris crown showed indentations of Vectris and some fibers torn off from Vectris.
Alloys ; Ceramics* ; Crowns* ; Dentists ; Esthetics ; Fingers ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Lithium ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Shoulder ; Stainless Steel ; Water

Aortic regurgitation is a common valvular heart disease, usually the result of rheumatic fever, or syphilis, and rarely of congenital origin. It is frequently associated with other valvular heart disease, especially mitral valve disease. It can be diagnosed by the presence of pulse pressure widening, a Corrigan pulse, and an early decreascendo diastolic murmur at the left sternal border between the second and third intercostal spaces. After the clinical application of cineaortography in the diagnosis of valvular disease, Segal et al (1964) first reported rheumatic aortic regurgitation without an audible murmur in patients having mitral valve disease. The importance of discovering aortic reguritation in patients with predominent mitral disease has begun to be appreciated recently, especially as commisurotomies for the relief of mitral stenosis are performed more frequently. Nowadays eventhough the severity of aortic regurgitation is often not evident preoperatively, aortic regurgitation can become very evident when mitral stenosis is relieved. This study was comprised of seventeen patients with silent aortic regurgitation which was confirmed by cineaortography at Severance Hospital from January, 1970 to August, 1976. 1. Of the seventeen patients, 12 patients were associated with mitral stenosis, 4 with mitral steno-insufficiency, and 1 with mitral insufficiency. 2. Silent aortic regurgitation was suggested from the accompanying clinical features such as chest pain, apical heaving, and left ventficular hypertrophy pattern on both roentgenogram of the chest and electrocardiogram. 3. The severity of the aortic regurgitation was mild to moderate; 7 of the 17 patients being grade I, and 10 patients being grade II on cineaortogram.
Aortic Valve Insufficiency* ; Blood Pressure ; Chest Pain ; Diagnosis ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Murmurs ; Heart Valve Diseases ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Mitral Valve ; Mitral Valve Insufficiency ; Mitral Valve Stenosis ; Rheumatic Fever ; Syphilis ; Thorax

Panic disorder is characterized by acute panic attack accompanied by autonomic symptoms such as tachycardia, sweating, dyspnea, chest pain, dizziness, and tremors, as well as anticipatory anxiety and avoidant behaviors. 30% of the general population may have suffered isolated episodes of panic attack, and epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is around 4.8%. Panic disorder is commonly comorbid with the other psychiatric disorders, and 30% of patients with panic disorder show treatment resistance and a chronic waxing and waning course. Therefore, adequate treatment guidelines and strategies for panic disorder by evidence-based pharmacotherapy are needed and some treatment guidelines for panic disorder have already been developed in foreign countries. In this article, among the foreign guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of panic disorder, those by World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) in particular were reviewed. Also, the recently developed Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Panic Disorder 2008 by the Korean Academy of Anxiety Disorder was reviewed.
Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Biological Psychiatry ; Chest Pain ; Dizziness ; Dyspnea ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Humans ; Panic ; Panic Disorder ; Prevalence ; Sweat ; Sweating ; Tachycardia ; Tremor

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to explore what the students experienced in short filmmaking class performed to 1st grade premedical students of a medical school, and to trace educational effects of the class. METHODS: Taking a qualitative approach, the authors used semi-structured interviews to collect the data. This study employed the quota sampling method to purposefully select students to interview. Data coding and analysis were performed based on the grounded theory. The filmmaking experiences consistently described by the interviewees were labeled and reorganized into categories through the open, axial, and selective coding. RESULTS: The students experience the group filmmaking class as a participatory class. Learners also experienced the procedure of performing complicated group tasks according to detailed and scheduled processes. Participation leads to collaboration. Collaboration here is through communication and participation, not through mechanical cooperation. Students also experience various dimensions of communication. The students learned that successful performance of the group filmmaking process is enabled through consideration towards others, and experience a sense of connectedness resulting in a type of community spirit. Having fun and interest, finally, the students experience the sense of accomplishment and sharing through joint screening. CONCLUSION Students' shared experiences and their education effects of the filmmaking class can be explained in terms of the above mentioned seven closely intertwined categories. In this class, the students were able to express emotions they would not normally express. Through this, the students were able to find the true character and new aspects of their fellow students, forming intimacy, which led to a sense of belonging and connectedness.

Severe skeletal anteroposterior and vertical discrepancy is difficult to obtain satisfactory result by only orthodontic treatment, and much anteroposterior movement and treatment stability require orthodontic treatment with orthognathic surgery. The treatment goal of mandibular prognathic patients is to promote the function of stomatognathic system including mastication and phonetics, to improve the esthetics of facial profile and to maintain stability. Positional changes of hyoid bone, pharynx and tongue were seen with mandibular movement after orthognathic surgery. This study was performed to observe the changes of perimandibular tissues of orthodontic patients with skeletal mandibular prognathism who treated with orthodontic treatment, and the changes of hyoid bone, pharyx and tongue by relapse or recurrance after before and after orthognathic surgery and retention. The 22 patients who had mandibular prognathism were selected. They treated with orthodontic treatment with sagittal split ramus osteotomy as orthognathic surgery. And lateral cephalomeric radiography were taken 3 times: pre-surgery (T1), immediate post-surgery (T2) and 2 years after retention (T3). The results were as follows : 1. The hyoid bone returned back after clockwise rotation to maxilla and occlusal plane during retention (p<0.01). 2. The hyoid bone moved posterior-inferiorly by mandibular surgery and returned back anterior-superior after retention (p<0.01). 3. The changes of pharyngeal depth showed a little decrease at upper area in post-surgery, but it was not a significant difference generally through before, after and retention. 4. In relating to tongue base, the angle of tongue base was decreased and the dorsal area of tongue base moved to inferior-posterior direction and to superior direction again after retention (p<0.01). 5. Related to the thickness of upper and lower lip, the thickness of upper lip decreased after surgery, and the soft tissues below lower lip increased after surgery and decreased after retention.
Dental Occlusion ; Esthetics ; Humans ; Hyoid Bone ; Lip ; Mastication ; Maxilla ; Orthognathic Surgery* ; Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus ; Pharynx ; Phonetics ; Prognathism ; Radiography ; Recurrence ; Stomatognathic System ; Tongue

To study bone resorption mechanism, effect of LPS on the 45Ca release from fetal rat ulnae and radii, and effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on the LPS-induced bone resorption in organ culture were studied. Ulnae and radii were removed from 19 day old fetal rats, prelabelled by subcutaneous injection of 200micronCi 45CaCl2 into their mother on the 17th day of gestation. Radioactivities of 45Ca released into media were determined after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Effects of LPS and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors were observed by the ratio of % release of 45Ca between paired control and experimental group. The observed results were as follows: 1. LPS(1microng/ml) supplemented in media for 72hours increased the 45Ca release significantly after 48 and 72 hours of culture and LPS(10microng/ml) increased the 45Ca release significantly after 72 hours of culture. 2. LPS-induced 45Ca release was not inhibited significantly by 1mM sulfanilamide but inhibited significantly by 10mM sulfanilamide after 48 and 72 hours of culture. 3. LPS-induced 45Ca release was not inhibited significantly by 0.1mM dichlorphenamide but inhibited significantly by 1mM dichlorphenamide after 48 and 72 hours of culture. 4. LPS-induced 45Ca release was not inhibited significantly by 1mM acetazolamide but inhibited significantly by 5mM acetazolamide after 72 hours of culture.
Acetazolamide ; Animals ; Bone Resorption* ; Carbon* ; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors* ; Carbonic Anhydrases* ; Dichlorphenamide ; Humans ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Mothers ; Organ Culture Techniques ; Pregnancy ; Radioactivity ; Rats ; Ulna

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to explore what the students experienced in short filmmaking class performed to 1st grade premedical students of a medical school, and to trace educational effects of the class. METHODS: Taking a qualitative approach, the authors used semi-structured interviews to collect the data. This study employed the quota sampling method to purposefully select students to interview. Data coding and analysis were performed based on the grounded theory. The filmmaking experiences consistently described by the interviewees were labeled and reorganized into categories through the open, axial, and selective coding. RESULTS: The students experience the group filmmaking class as a participatory class. Learners also experienced the procedure of performing complicated group tasks according to detailed and scheduled processes. Participation leads to collaboration. Collaboration here is through communication and participation, not through mechanical cooperation. Students also experience various dimensions of communication. The students learned that successful performance of the group filmmaking process is enabled through consideration towards others, and experience a sense of connectedness resulting in a type of community spirit. Having fun and interest, finally, the students experience the sense of accomplishment and sharing through joint screening. CONCLUSION: Students' shared experiences and their education effects of the filmmaking class can be explained in terms of the above mentioned seven closely intertwined categories. In this class, the students were able to express emotions they would not normally express. Through this, the students were able to find the true character and new aspects of their fellow students, forming intimacy, which led to a sense of belonging and connectedness.
Clinical Coding ; Cooperative Behavior ; Education ; Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; Grounded Theory ; Humans ; Joints ; Mass Screening ; Methods ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Schools, Medical ; Students, Medical ; Students, Premedical

Infectious mononucleosis is a common systemic illness primarily invloving children and young adults and due apparently to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Although the typical case is easily recogniged, unusual manifestations or serious complications occur frequently enough to pose problems in diagnosis and management. Neurologic complications are rare(1%). These nerologic complications may actually precede the full clinical picture or present as the sole manifestation of the illness, thereby causing a confusing clinical picture and delay in diagnosis. We have experienced a case of infectious mononucleosis associated with facial nerve palsy in a 22-months old female. She was admitted to the hospital with the fever, right facial nerve palsy and hepatosplenomegaly. The diagnosis was made on the clinical findings, immunologic findings and the typical findings of peripheral blood smear. On peripheral blood smear, atypical lympocytes with relative lympocytosis were seen. On Immunologic study EBV anti-VCA IgM titer was 1:20 and the IgG titer was 1:40. To our knowledge, this is the first report in Korea. So, we report this case and the brief literatures of infectious mononucleosis associated with neurologic complications and other viral diseases which caused facial nerve palsy.
Child ; Diagnosis ; Facial Nerve* ; Female ; Fever ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Infant ; Infectious Mononucleosis* ; Korea ; Paralysis* ; Virus Diseases ; Young Adult