PURPOSE: We investigated the relationship between patient safety culture and safety care activity, and identified factors for safety care activity of entry-level nurses. METHODS: The subjects of the study were 204 entry-level nurses working at five general and advanced hospitals with over 500 beds located in C and D City. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS: Perception of patient safety culture had significant correlations with safety care activity. Multiple regression analysis showed that demographic variables of quality of nursing on patient safety and health state of entry-level nurses affected safety care activity. In addition, patient safety culture in ward and communication affected safety care activity. These factors explained 38% of variance. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the study, patient safety culture promotion strategies to facilitate supportive work environment and effective communication are needed.
Humans ; Patient Safety

No abstract available.
Congenital Hypothyroidism* ; Thyroid Dysgenesis*

No abstract available.
Fractures, Spontaneous* ; Osteoporosis*

The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphologic changes of the bile canaliculi and its associated structures of the liver induced by common bile duct ligation(CBDL) in the rat. The canalicular surface and lateral surface of the dry-fractured hepatocytes was studied with scanning electron microscopy at 1~6 weeks post ligation. The first week after CBDL, the bile canaliculi were dilated. The microvilli were increased in number and the lumens contained granular materials After 2 weeks or more, the bile canaliculi were dilated to a variable degree, and with irregularity, measuring from 1.5 to 5 micrometer in diameter, and in the advanced stage, the canaliculi showed blunting and the disappearance of microvilli. Some canaliculi had sprouting side branches. At 4~6 weeks post-ligation, the lateral surface of the hepatocytes also showed some irregularity and a tortuous appearance, and numerous small sized microvillous projections were formed. The tubular structures of the proliferated SER distributed adjacent to the lateral surface of the hepatocytes, and the direct connection of a tubular structure and the cytoplasmic membrane was observed. These results suggest that the deformity and loss of microvilli of bile canaliculi reflect the disturbance of bile secretion from the hepatocytes. And prolonged obstruction of bile flow may result in bile excretion via the lateral surface of hepatocytes.
Rats ; Animals

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of and to analyze the factors re-lated to the cost of the resolution of a medical dispute. METHODS: We have reviewed 2,346 cases reported to the Korean Medical Association(KMA)mutual-aid association from Nov. 1. 1981 to Oct. 31. 1994. RESULTS: The percentage rate of reported cases of were related field as follows .' obstetric gynecology(OBGYN) 31.9%, general practitice 28.1%, general surgery 13.3%, orthopedics 6.9% and internal medicine 6.4% 1,829 cases (80.0%) were settled out of court and without public intervention. 310 cases(13.2%) were settled by the police, the public procurators office or the court. The mean settlement amount per case was 9,340,000 won with annual growth rate 10.8%, and median settlement amount was 5,890,000 won. The mean settlement amount for OBGYN was 930,000 won, surgical group 8,900,000 won, medical group 7,710,000 won, and general practitice 7,490,000 won. The cases of medical dispute according to the types of medical care were : operation 21.1%, injection 18.0%, treat-ment and care 18.0%, delivery 13.0%, artificial abortion 10.3%, Cesarian section 7.2% and anesthesia 2.5%. The mean settlement amount according to the types of medical care were: delivery and Cesarian section 15,190,000 won, operation and anesthesia 9,500,000 won, others 6,610,000 won, and injection and medication 6,230,000 won. The mean settlement amount that was settled out of court without public intervention was 7,940,000 won. The mean settlement with public intervention in the court was 17,290,000 won. The cases of medical dispute according to the patients status were .' death 37.5%, complications 20.8%, disability 12.2% and others 28.9%. The mean settlement amout for death was 16,150,000 won, disability 9,430,000 won, others 4,850,000 won and complications 3,550,000 won. The mean settlement amount where doctors have asserted that the outcome was inevitable or have not agreed that it was their fault was higher than the cost of cases where they had admitted responsibility. The settlement amout where there was a misdiagnosis present had not shown to be higher than when the misdiagnosis was absent. The mean settlement amount for cases where multiple doctors were involved was higher than for cases of a single doctor. The mean settlement amount for disturbing the medical practice and suspension of are high. The mean settlement amount for complications was lower than others, and the mean settlement amount for disability and death presented were high. Concerning the types of care, the mean settlement amount for operation/anesthesia, delivery/ Cesarian sections were higher than for injection/medication. Concerning the type of settlement, the mean settlement amount in the police and public procurators office was higher than in out of court without public intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The mean settlement amount depended on the patient's status, the type of settlement, and the disturbance of medical practice regardless of the doctors misdiagnosis, fault, and standard care. Therefore, a reason-able method of resolution for medical dispute is needed.
Anesthesia ; Diagnostic Errors ; Dissent and Disputes ; Humans ; Internal Medicine ; Malpractice* ; Orthopedics ; Police

Twin pregnancies represent a high risk obstetric population with perinatal morbidity and mortality much greater than that of singleton pregnancies. A retrospective dinical evaluation was attempted to analyse 211 cases of twin pregnancies in Chunchon Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University from Jan. l. 1988 to Dec. 31. 1997. The results were as follows. 1) The incidence of twin pregnancy was 1 in 93.9 deliveries. 2) The age of mother ranged from 19 to 42 years and predominant age group was 26-30 which covers 43.1% of all. 3) Nullipara was 61.1% and multipara was 38.9%. 4) The predominant gestational age group at delivery was 36-37 weeks, 33.2%. 5) In presentation, both cephalic combination was 46.4%, cephalic-breech was 26.1%. 6) The birth weight was less than 2500gm in 64.9% of the 1st babies and 70.6% of the 2nd babies, respectively. 7) The rate of cesarean section was 89.0%. The indications of cesarean section were malpresention (48.9%), elective cesarean section(38.8%), and toxemia(9.0%). 8) In 23 cases of vaginal delivery, the average duration of labor was 7.0 hours and 43.5% of 2nd baby was delivered within 5 min after 1st baby delivery, 9) The most frequent maternal complications during pregnancy were anemia(36.0%), preterm labor(34.6%) and preeclamsia(17.5%). 10) The perinatal mortality rate of the first and second twins was 10.4% and 12.3%, respectively. The main causes of perinatal death were prematurity(52.1%) and stillborn(22.9%). 11) Both female was 43.6%, both male was 39.3%, and opposite sex was 17.1% in infant.
Birth Weight ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Gangwon-do ; Gestational Age ; Heart ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Mortality ; Mothers ; Perinatal Mortality ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Twin* ; Retrospective Studies

No abstract available.
Embryo Transfer* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Estradiol* ; Fertilization in Vitro*

PURPOSE: This study was to examine the effect of postpartum exercise on mental health. Mental health comprises a 9 symptom dimension of Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, and Psychoticism. METHOD: A non-equivalent pre-test, post-test control group study was conducted. Fifty-two puerperal women who were admitted to a postpartum ward of a mother-baby clinic in Pusan were recruited; 26 women were assigned to the experimental group and 26 women to the control group. Postpartum exercise was applied to the experimental group from postpartum day 3 for a period of 8 weeks while no exercise program was applied to the control group. Mental health with SCL-90-R was measured before and after exercise. Data was analyzed using mean, x2-test, t-test, and ANOVA by SPSS 10.0. RESULT: The mental health status in the exercise group did not show a statistically significant decrease when compared to that of the control group. CONCLUSION: There is no effect of postpartum exercise on women's mental health during the first 8 weeks of the postpartum period. Further studies are needed for randomized clinical trials with a larger sample size.
Anxiety ; Busan ; Depression ; Female ; Hostility ; Humans ; Mental Health* ; Postpartum Period* ; Sample Size

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and type of nutritional ergogenic aids use, and to determine the frequency, reasons for use of nutritional ergogenic aids. Thirty-four male bodybuilders (mean age = 27.0 years), twenty-four male weight lifters (mean age = 20.9 years) participated in the study. Participants completed a comprehensive survey detailing their usage patterns. In this study, 78.1% of bodybuilders and 79.2% of weight lifters reported using nutritional ergogenic aids. The most frequently taken nutritional ergogenic aids, in ranking order, were protein/amino acid powders (79.4%), multivitamin/minerals (67.7%) and creatine (67.6%) for bodybuilders, in contrast to sports drinks (100.0%), protein/amino acid powders (50.5%) and creatine (50.5%) for weight lifters. Over the half of the respondents, 79.4% of bodybuilders and 50.6% of weight lifters, used protein/amino acid powders to gain muscle mass and to stay healthy. Bodybuilders, 67.6% and weight lifters, 41.7%, used multivitamin/minerals to stay healthy and for energy. The intakes of most vitamin and minerals through diet and nutritional ergogenic aids were much greater than RDA. Vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin B6 and folate intakes were ranged at 400-900%. Vitamin C intake was 1285.4% (for bodybuilders) and 1322.6% (for weight lifters). The correct answer rate of nutritional ergogenic aids was 46.0% for bodybuilders and 52.0% for weight lifters. Both bodybuilders and weight lifters took highly nutritional ergogenic aids and it tended to be taken irrespective of scientific background. Specific sport nutrition education applicable to athletes, especially strength athletes, is recommended. The findings of this investigation could be used to enable the professionals (sports dietician and physician) to identify common misconceptions regarding nutritional ergogenic aids and to implement educational programs.
Ascorbic Acid ; Athletes ; Creatine ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Diet ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Male ; Minerals ; Muscles ; Niacin ; Nutrition Policy ; Powders ; Prevalence ; Riboflavin ; Sports ; Thiamine ; Vitamin B 6 ; Vitamins

BACKGROUND: Frailty, a multidimensional geriatric syndrome, confers a high risk of falls, disability, hospitalization, and mortality. The prevalence and correlates of frailty in older people dwelling in rural communities are unknown. METHODS: We examined frailty, as defined by the Korean Geriatric Society, and social correlates among rural community-dwelling older adults (n=419) aged 65 or older. RESULTS: The prevalence of frailty and prefrailty was 11.5% and 38.7%, respectively. Among eight frailty criteria, the prevalence of multiple medications was highest (57.3%), while self-rated health as "unhealthy" was the second highest (45.1%). In contrast, the prevalence of exhaustion was the lowest (10%) among the eight frailty criteria. The prevalence of frailty was 12.6% among women and 6.3% among men (p=0.02). Uneducated older adults showed a significantly higher prevalence of frailty (13.1%) than any other educational groups (6.3-9.2%). In addition, older adults with high social support showed lower frailty than the other groups. After adjustment for other factors; however, a lack of social support (odds ratio for frailty, 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-3.44) was associated with increased odds of frailty. CONCLUSION: Frailty is not uncommon among rural community-dwelling old men and women in Korea. In the rural community, females with a lack of social support might be at a higher risk of frailty, as those were two of the strongest risk factors discovered in this study. This study calls for more interest and concern for the frail older adults with a lack of social support in rural communities.
Adult* ; Aged ; Female ; Frail Elderly ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Mortality ; Prevalence* ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population