The techniques of diagnose and treatment of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy have played very important roles in digestive diseases at present. The level of teaching quality of gas- trointestinal endoscopy can be improved through practice of clinical teaching of normalization endoscopy training. Research students can master some common techniques of diagnose and treatment of gastrointestinal endoscopy,and lay a good foundation for their future work.

Objective To evaluate the inhibition effects of shuanghuanglian injection powder and its active components on the activities of CYP1A,CYP 2D and CYP 3A in rats liver microsomes. Methods Three probe substrates including phenacetin for CYP1A,dextromethorphan for CYP2D and midazolam for CYP3A were incubated with shuanghuanglian injection powder and the active components (baicalin,phillyrin,forsythiaside A,lutin,chlorogenic acid,coffeic acid and lutiolin) in rat liver microsomes. Contents of three probe substrates were simultaneously determined by HPLC to evaluate the metabolic rates. Results Shuanghuanglian injection powder and baicalin inhibited the activities of CYP2D and CYP 3A, but didn 't affect CYP1A. The other active components showed no effect on CYP1A,CYP2D and CYP3A. Conclusion Drug-drug interactions may occur when combining shuanghuanglian powder injection with CYP2D and CYP 3A substrates and baicalin may be the effector substance responsible for the interactions.

Objective To investigate the injury caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on human renal tubular epithelial cell (HKC) and its effect on calcium oxalate (CaOxa) crystal crystallization time before and after the injury. Methods The injury degree of HKC by H2O2 was measured by detecting the cell survival rate and the concentration change of malonaldehyde (MDA). CaOxa crystallization was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results Control cells induced only a small amount of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals, while the injured cells not only induced calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals, but also increased the number and aggregation of CaOxa crystals. After incubating with CaOxa supersaturated solution, the control group HKC cells could be injured as well. Conclusions H2O2 can cause oxidative damage on HKC. The injured HKC promotes the nucleation and aggregation of COM crystals. In the body environment, the long-term presence of crystals in urinary tract is a risk factor for stone formation.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of heat-clearing and dampness-removing therapy combined with Bifico for ulcerative colitis ( UC) induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid ( TNBS), and to explore its influence on tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α) and interleukin-10 ( IL-10) in rats. Methods Forty female adult Sprague-Dawley rats were evenly randomized into five groups, namely normal control group, model group, Bifico (175 mg/kg) group, Chinese medicine group(enema with Changdiqing 3.6/kg and oral use of Changyanling Recipe l) , and Chinese medicine plus Bifico group. After treatment, the damage of colonic mucous membrane was evaluated, and expression levels of IL-10 and TNF-α in colonic mucosa were observed through immunohistochemical assay. Results The degree of colonic mucosal injury was severer and the inflammation was more obvious in the model group than those in the normal control groups ( P<0.01) , and the above changes were relieved to various degrees in the medication group ( P<0.01 compared with those in the model group) . Chinese medicine plus Bifico group had better effect on reducing colonic mucosa damage index ( CMDI) and inflammation, and on promoting the healing of colonic mucosa than Bifico group and Chinese medicine group (P<0.05 ) . The expression level of TNF-α in the colonic mucosa was markedly increased while that of IL-10 was markedly decreased in the model group ( P<0.01 compared with those in the normal control group) . The medication groups could counteract the above changes in the colonic mucosa ( P<0.01 compared with those in the model group) . The combination group and Chinese medicine group had better effect on decreasing TNF-α expression level and on increasing IL-10 expression level than Bifico group ( P<0.05) . Conclusion IL-10 and TNF-α play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of ulcerative colitis. Chinese medicine combined with Bifico has satisfactory therapeutic effect on UC rats, and its mechanism may be related with the increase of IL-10 expression level and with the decrease of TNF-α expression level.

Objective To explore the distribution of the liquid food in the stomach of patients with postprandial distress syndrome (PDS)-predominated functional dyspepsia (FD)and the mechanism of its gastric dynamic dysfunction.Methods Fifty-two patients with PDS and 18 healthy volunteers underwent gastric emptying examination with ultrasound scanner provided.The proximal and distal gastric area and volume,area and volume ratio of proximal and distal gastric as well as emptying rate of proximal and distal gastric were calculated at fasting,maximum satiety,30 min,60 min,90 min and 120 min after meal. Student′s t test andχ2 test were performed for statistical analysis.Results Proximal gastric volume of PDS group at the time of fasting and 120 min after meal were (9.06±7.88)and (24.72±24.02)cm3 ,which were larger than those of healthy control group ((5 .96 ± 2.13 )cm3 ,(19.48 ± 12.32 )cm3 ),and the differences were statistically significant (t=-1 .637 and -0.875 ,both P <0.05).Ratio of proximal and distal gastric area at maximum satiety in PDS group was 1 .63±0.42 and that in healthy control group was 2.33±0.63,and the difference was statistically significant (t =5 .044,P <0.05 ).Ratio of proximal and
distal gastric volume in PDS group and healthy group at fasting was 0.60 ± 0.38 and 0.46 ± 0.19, respectively,that at maximum satiety was in PDS group and healthy group 0.91 ±0.27,1 .30 ±0.48, respectively,and the differences were statistically significant (t = - 1 .505 and 3.970,both P <0.05). The emptying rates of proximal stomach of PDS group at 30 min and 90 min postprandial were (28.10 ± 25 .03)% and (68.80±16.14)%,respectively,those of healthy control group were (34.97 ±14.41 )%and (75 .86 ±9.86)%,and the differences were statistically significant (t =1 .087 and 1 .718,both P <0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in emptying rate of distal stomach between two groups (all P > 0.05 ).Conclusions The volume of distal stomach was larger than that of proximal stomach in PDS patients at maximum satiety in liquid food distribution,which may be the cause of decreasing emptying rate of proximal stomach.And proximal stomach dominated gastric motility in PDS patients.

AIM:To investigate a profile of gene differential expression in deficiency of spleen-QI syndrome(DSQ)patients.METHODS:4 DSQ patients and 4 healthy volunteers were selected.The gastric mucosa was taken to extract total RNA.The matched samples were hybridized on the gene chip.The fluorescent signals were scanned,the ratio of fluorescent value,the analysis of bioinformatics and t-test were also applied.Related genes were detected by real-time quantitated PCR.RESULTS:Between two groups,54 genes differentially expressed and 72.2% of them were down regulated.45 were genes about metabolism of nutrient substance and immunological regulation,and 71.1% were down regulated.4 had significant difference.Of 5 applied by real-time PCR,4 accorded with the results of the gene chip.CONCLUSION:The differentially expressed genes of DSQ patients are significantly down regulated,especially the genes involved in metabolism of nutrient substance and immunological regulation.

Objective: To investigate the distribution and drug resistance situation of staphylococcus aureus (SA) and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from the classroom environments in primary schools of Guangzhou. Methods: The air and the surfaces of door handles, desks, chairs, light switches and floor were sampled in the classrooms of 8 primary schools selected through stratified clustering method in Guangzhou from May to June, 2016. SA and MRSA were isolated and identified, and drug sensitivity tests were conducted. Results: A total of 760 samples were collected, the detection rate of SA and MRSA were 8.8% and 4.2%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the detection rate of staphylococcus aureus among different sampling sites(P<0.01).Detection of SA and MRSA on the floor,light’s witches and surface of deskes was both above 6.0%. The multiple drug resistance rate of MRSA was up to 100.0%, and the main resistance mode was Penicillin-Erythromycin-Rifampin-Tetracycline-Teicolanin. Conclusion MRSA can be detected in air, door handles, desk surface, chair surface, light switch and floor of primary schools. Relevant administration departments should pay attention to the environments health of Guangzhou primary schools.

Objective: To investigate the antibiotic resistance spectrum and genetic characteristics of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MDRSA) nasal isolate among primary school students, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of masal MDRSA resistance and the selection of clincal drugs in children. Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility experiments were performed on all SA isolates of 1 705 primary school students from 8 primary schools in Guangzhou selected by using multistage cluster stratified sampling method. MDRSA antibiotic susceptibility spectrum was analyzed, and the resistant, virulence and immune evasion cluster(IEC) genes detected by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). Results: The prevalence of MDRSA nasal carriage was 20.76%(354/1 705), and the proportion of multidrug resistance among SA isolates was 96.20%(354/368). The predominant resistant antibiotics of MDRSA isolates were penicillin(99.72%), erythromycin(96.33%), clindamycin(90.96%) and teicoplanin(90.11%). Notably, 240(67.80%, 240/354) MDRSA isolates were resistant to more than six antimicrobial categories. And the predominant detection rates of resistant genes were BlaZ(92.66%), Tet(M)(49.72%), virulence genes Tst(25.42%) and IEC genes Sak(92.09%), Hlb(61.58%). Conclusion We found high prevalence of nasal colonization MDRSA from healthy children. Moreover, MDRSA isolates has a high resistant rate to multiple antibiotics, and the proportion of resistant to ≥6 antimicrobial categories is high.

Objective: To investigate the contamination, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of S. aureus from toilets of primary schools in Guangzhou. Methods: The surface samples of toilets were collected from eight primary schools in Guangzhou from May to July 2016. The standard microbiological assays, disk diffusion methods and PCR technique were used for the isolation and identification, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of S. aureus . Results: The contamination rate of S. aureus and MRSA was 6.25% and 3.13%, respectively. There was significant difference in the contamination rate of S. aureus among different sampling sites ( χ 2=15.15, P <0.01) and the highest contamination rate was on the ground (15.00%).The most predominant antibiotic for S. aureus was penicillin (100.00%) and the proportions of resistant to teicoplanin, erythromycin,rifampicin, clindamycin and linezolid were more than 75.00%.The multidrug resistant rate of S. aureus was 85.00%.The detection rate of virulence genes of S. aureus was sea (50.00%), tst (30.00%), etb (15.00%), eta (10.00%), seb (10.00%) and pvl (5.00%), respectively. Conclusion The contamination rate of S. aureus from toilets of primary schools in Guangzhou is in a lower level among similar researches. However, the contamination of MRSA is serious, which accounts for half of S. aureus . In addition, S. aureus isolates show high multi-drug resistant rate and high detection rate of virulence genes.

Semantic processing plays a key role in the language comprehension. In the past more than two decades, by using different kinds of cognitive neuroscience methods, the time course and the neural basis of semantic processing had been comprehensively investigated, and a few classic models had been proposed based on these studies. Future studies should focus more on a precise and systematic definition of the concept of semantic processing. Furthermore, by using the convergence evidence from multi-methodologies, more systematic studies on semantic processing should be carried out from the perspective of the wholeness and the interactivity of the brain function to understand the processes.
Brain ; physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Comprehension ; Humans ; Language ; Semantics