The death certificate is a medical document that proves the death of a person and forms the basis of an administrative death report. It is a source of statistics on the cause of a person's death and the basic tool used in national health policy and health promotion activities. This study reviews the major categories of historical changes made to the Korean death certificate form over the years. During the Japanese colonial period, the death certificate form was first introduced under the Koii (public doctor) system. However, the first structurally organized form of the death certificate was based on the “National Medical Service Act” (June 26, 1955.); it was structurally very similar to the current form. Since the enactment of the “Enforcement Decree of the Medical Service Act”, the death certificate form has undergone structural changes 13 times. The changes made to the contents or format of the death certificate during its 98 revisions can be classified into eight categories: death certificate title, form language, personal information, place of death, cause of death, manner of death, information on unnatural death, and other changes (chart number, serial number, confirmation seal, etc.). The authors hope that future revisions to the Korean death certificate would make it easier to write.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cause of Death ; Death Certificates ; Health Policy ; Health Promotion ; Hope ; Humans ; Korea

The death certificate is a medical document that proves the death of a person and forms the basis of an administrative death report. It is a source of statistics on the cause of a person's death and the basic tool used in national health policy and health promotion activities. This study reviews the major categories of historical changes made to the Korean death certificate form over the years. During the Japanese colonial period, the death certificate form was first introduced under the Koii (public doctor) system. However, the first structurally organized form of the death certificate was based on the “National Medical Service Act” (June 26, 1955.); it was structurally very similar to the current form. Since the enactment of the “Enforcement Decree of the Medical Service Act”, the death certificate form has undergone structural changes 13 times. The changes made to the contents or format of the death certificate during its 98 revisions can be classified into eight categories: death certificate title, form language, personal information, place of death, cause of death, manner of death, information on unnatural death, and other changes (chart number, serial number, confirmation seal, etc.). The authors hope that future revisions to the Korean death certificate would make it easier to write.

Takayasu's arteritis (TA), a granulomatous vasculitis, affects the aorta and its major branches. Glucocorticoids are an effective treatment for patients with active TA, but some patients fail to achieve or maintain remission with the conventional therapy, and side effects resulting from long-term glucocorticoid therapy are potentially serious. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents, such as infliximab, may be efficient in patients with refractory TA. We report on a 24-year-old female patient with refractory TA who was treated successfully with infliximab. Clinical remission was induced as determined by repeated 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography scans combined with assay of serological inflammatory markers.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Aorta ; Female ; Glucocorticoids ; Humans ; Necrosis ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Takayasu Arteritis* ; Vasculitis ; Young Adult ; Infliximab

Objective: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The statins have shown beneficial effects on cognitive functions and reduced the risk of dementia development. However, the exact mechanisms of statin effects in AD are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of statin on AD. Methods: We downloaded AD blood dataset (GSE63060) and statin-related blood gene expression dataset (GSE86216). Then we performed gene expression analysis of each dataset and compared blood gene expressions between AD patients and statin-treated patients. Then, we downloaded mouse embryonic neural stem cell dataset (GSE111945) and performed gene expression analysis. Results: From the human blood dataset, we identified upregulated/downregulated genes in AD patients and statin-treated patients. Some of the upregulated genes (AEN, MBTPS1, ABCG1) in the blood of AD patients are downregulated in statin-treated patients. Several downregulated genes (FGL2, HMGCS1, PSME2, SRSF3, and ATG3) are upregulated in statintreated patients. Gene set enrichment analysis using mouse stem cell dataset revealed a significant relationship of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes-defined pathway of AD in statin-treated neural stem cells compared to vehicle-treated neural stem cells (normalized enrichment score: −2.24 in male and −1.6 in female). Conclusion These gene expression analyses from human blood and mouse neural stem cell demonstrate the important clues on the molecular mechanisms of impacts of statin on AD disease. Further studies are needed to investigate the exact role of candidate genes and pathways suggested in our AD pathogenesis study.

Tracheal hemangioma is a rare benign vascular tumor in adults. We reported a case of massive hemoptysis caused by a cavernous hemangioma in a 75-year-old man. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a tracheal cavernous hemangioma that presented with massive hemoptysis. The lesion was removed with a CO2 laser under rigid laryngoscopy. Endovascular tumors, such as tracheobronchial hemangiomas, should be considered a diagnostic option in cases of massive hemoptysis without a significant underlying lung lesion.
Adult ; Aged ; Hemangioma* ; Hemangioma, Cavernous ; Hemoptysis* ; Humans ; Laryngoscopy ; Lasers, Gas ; Lung ; Trachea

Here, we report a case of pulmonary paragonimiasis that was improved with initial anti-tuberculosis (TB) therapy but confused with reactivated pulmonary TB. A 53-year-old Chinese female presented with a persistent productive cough with foul smelling phlegm and blood streaked sputum. Radiologic findings showed subpleural cavitary consolidation in the right upper lobe (RUL). Bronchoscopic and cytological examination showed no remarkable medical feature. She was diagnosed with smear-negative TB, and her radiologic findings improved after receiving a 6-month anti-TB therapy. The chest CT scans, however, obtained at 4 months after completion of anti-TB therapy showed a newly developed subpleural consolidation in the RUL. She refused pathologic confirmation and was re-treated with anti-TB medication. Nevertheless, her chest CT scans revealed newly developed cavitary nodules at 5 months after re-treatment. She underwent thoracoscopic wedge resection; the pathological examination reported that granuloma caused by Paragonimus westermani. Paragonimiasis should also be considered in patients assessed with smear-negative pulmonary TB.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cough ; Delayed Diagnosis* ; Female ; Granuloma ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Paragonimiasis* ; Paragonimus westermani ; Smell ; Sputum ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tuberculosis

One Korean company recently successfully produced a robotic surgical system prototype called Revo-i (MSR-5000). We, therefore, conducted a preclinical study for robotic cholecystectomy using Revo-i, and this is a report of the first case of robotic cholecystectomy performed using the Revo-i system in a preclinical porcine model. Revo-i consists of a surgeon console (MSRC-5000), operation cart (MSRO-5000) and vision cart (MSRV-5000), and a 40 kg-healthy female porcine was prepared for robotic cholecystectomy with general anesthesia. The primary end point was the safe completion of these procedures using Revo-i: The total operation time was 88 minutes. The dissection time was defined as the time from the initial dissection of the Calot area to the time to complete gallbladder detachment from the liver bed: The dissection time required 14 minutes. The surgical console time was 45 minutes. There was no gallbladder perforation or significant bleeding noted during the procedure. The porcine survived for two weeks postoperatively without any complications. Like the da Vinci surgical system, the Revo-i provides a three-dimensional operative view and allows for angulated instrument motion (forceps, needle-holders, clip-appliers, scissors, bipolar energy, and hook monopolar energy), facilitating an effective laparoscopic procedure. Our experience suggests that robotic cholecystectomy can be safely completed in a porcine model using Revo-i.
Anesthesia, General ; Cholecystectomy* ; Device Approval ; Female ; Gallbladder ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Liver ; Robotic Surgical Procedures

Purpose: We analyzed the timing of inguinal hernia repair in premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) considering recurrence, incarceration, and other complications. Methods: In this multicenter retrospective review, premature infants (<37 weeks) in the NICU diagnosed with inguinal hernia between 2017 and 2021 were segregated into 2 groups based on the timing of inguinal hernia repair. Results: Of 149 patients, 109 (73.2%) underwent inguinal hernia repair in the NICU and 40 (26.8%) after discharge. Preoperative incarceration did not differ, but complications with recurrence and postoperative respiratory insufficiency were higher in the NICU group (11.0% vs. 0%, P = 0.029; 22.0% vs. 5.0%, P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that the significant factors affecting recurrence were preoperative ventilator dependence and body weight of <3,000 g at the time of surgery (odds ratio [OR], 16.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.45–82.69; P < 0.01 and OR, 9.97; 95% CI, 1.03–95.92; P = 0.04). Conclusion Our results suggest that when premature infants are diagnosed with inguinal hernia in the NICU, inguinal hernia repair after discharge may decrease the odds of recurrence and postoperative respiratory insufficiency. In patients who have difficulty delaying surgery, it is thought that surgery should be performed carefully in a ventilator preoperatively or weighed <3,000 g at the time of surgery.

Purpose: Sirolimus has emerged as a safe and effective treatment for complicated lymphatic malformations (LMs). We aim to prove the effectiveness and safety of sirolimus as a therapeutic option for patients with complicated LMs. Methods: Fifty-eight patients with complicated LMs treated with sirolimus for at least 6 months at multicenter between July 2018 and January 2023 were enrolled. All patients were administered oral sirolimus starting at 0.8 mg/m 2 every 12 hours, with target serum concentration levels of 8–15 ng/mL. Evaluation for clinical symptoms and LMs volume on MRI were reviewed to assess treatment response and toxicities. Evaluation of disease response was divided into 3 values:complete response, partial response (significant, moderate, and modest), and progressive disease. Results: The median age at the initiation of sirolimus treatment was 6.0 years (range, 1 month–26.7 years). The median duration of treatment was 2.0 years (range, 6 months–4.4 years). The most common lesions were head and neck (25 of 58, 43.1%). Forty-six patients (79.3%) demonstrated a reduction in LMs volume on MRI or improvement of clinical symptoms including 2 complete responses. The young age group and the patients who underwent few prior therapies showed better responses. None of the patients had toxicities attributable to sirolimus with a Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade of ≥3. Conclusion Oral sirolimus treatment brought a successful outcome without severe adverse effects. It could be the firstline therapy, especially for the young age group of complicated LMs, and an additional option for refractory lesions that did not respond to conventional treatment.

Background: As the number of large-scale studies involving multiple organizations producing data has steadily increased, an integrated system for a common interoperable format is needed. In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a number of global efforts are underway to develop vaccines and therapeutics. We are therefore observing an explosion in the proliferation of COVID-19 data, and interoperability is highly requested in multiple institutions participating simultaneously in COVID-19 pandemic research. Results: In this study, a laboratory information management system (LIMS) approach has been adopted to systemically manage various COVID-19 non-clinical trial data, including mortality, clinical signs, body weight, body temperature, organ weights, viral titer (viral replication and viral RNA), and multiorgan histopathology, from multiple institutions based on a web interface. The main aim of the implemented system is to integrate, standardize, and organize data collected from laboratories in multiple institutes for COVID-19 non-clinical efficacy testings. Six animal biosafety level 3 institutions proved the feasibility of our system. Substantial benefits were shown by maximizing collaborative high-quality non-clinical research. Conclusions This LIMS platform can be used for future outbreaks, leading to accelerated medical product development through the systematic management of extensive data from non-clinical animal studies.