Objective To investigate the impact of overwork on vascular endothelial barrier function in mice.Methods Thirty KM mice were randomized equally into control,overwork for 2 weeks(W2)group and 4 weeks(W4)group.In the latter two groups,the mice were subjected to continuous standing in water for 8 h followed by restraint for 3 h to simulate overwork on a daily basis for 2 and 4 weeks.After modeling,4 mice from each group were intraperitoneally injected with Evans blue dye to assess vascular permeability.In the other 6 mice,serum IL-1β levels were measured using ELISA,and arterial tissues were collected for histological examination and detection of mRNA expressions of occludin,claudin-5,ZO-1,JAM-A and VE-cadherin;immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the protein expressions of claudin-5,ZO-1,VE-cadherin,and Syndecan-1.Results The mice in W2 and W4 groups exhibited slower weight gain,hair loss,reduced activity,and significantly increased serum IL-1β levels.Vascular permeability was significantly increased in W4 group.In W2 group,the endothelial cells were swollen and dissociated,and the intima was rough and irregular;arterial intimal rupture was observed in W4 group.The mRNA expressions of occludin,claudin-5,ZO-1 and JAM-A in the arterial tissues were significantly increased in W2 group but decreased in W4 group,while VE-cadherin mRNA expression were reduced in both groups(P<0.05).The protein expressions of claudin-5,ZO-1,VE-cadherin,and Syndecan-1 were all significantly reduced in W4 group.Conclusion Prolonged overwork can cause damage of the intercellular junction complexes in arterial endothelial cells and the endothelial glycocalyx to result in impaired barrier function and increased vascular permeability in mice.

Objective To investigate the impact of overwork on vascular endothelial barrier function in mice.Methods Thirty KM mice were randomized equally into control,overwork for 2 weeks(W2)group and 4 weeks(W4)group.In the latter two groups,the mice were subjected to continuous standing in water for 8 h followed by restraint for 3 h to simulate overwork on a daily basis for 2 and 4 weeks.After modeling,4 mice from each group were intraperitoneally injected with Evans blue dye to assess vascular permeability.In the other 6 mice,serum IL-1β levels were measured using ELISA,and arterial tissues were collected for histological examination and detection of mRNA expressions of occludin,claudin-5,ZO-1,JAM-A and VE-cadherin;immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the protein expressions of claudin-5,ZO-1,VE-cadherin,and Syndecan-1.Results The mice in W2 and W4 groups exhibited slower weight gain,hair loss,reduced activity,and significantly increased serum IL-1β levels.Vascular permeability was significantly increased in W4 group.In W2 group,the endothelial cells were swollen and dissociated,and the intima was rough and irregular;arterial intimal rupture was observed in W4 group.The mRNA expressions of occludin,claudin-5,ZO-1 and JAM-A in the arterial tissues were significantly increased in W2 group but decreased in W4 group,while VE-cadherin mRNA expression were reduced in both groups(P<0.05).The protein expressions of claudin-5,ZO-1,VE-cadherin,and Syndecan-1 were all significantly reduced in W4 group.Conclusion Prolonged overwork can cause damage of the intercellular junction complexes in arterial endothelial cells and the endothelial glycocalyx to result in impaired barrier function and increased vascular permeability in mice.

Objective To evaluate the effects of total intravenous anesthesia on the circadian rhythms in the patients undergoing cardiac transcatheter closure.Methods Thirty patients undergoing cardiac transcathe-ter closure under elective intravenous anesthesia were included in this study.Paired t-tests were performed to com-pare the mRNA levels of the genes encoding circadian locomotor output cycles kaput(CLOCK),brain and mus-cle ARNT-1 like protein-1(BMAL1),cryptochrome1(CRY1),and period circadian clock 2(PER2),the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire(MCTQ)score,and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)score be-fore and after anesthesia.Multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed to screen the factors influencing sleep chronotype and PSQI total score one week after surgery.Results The postoperative mRNA level of CLOCK was higher[1.38±1.23 vs.1.90±1.47;MD(95％CI):0.52(0.20-0.84),t=3.327,P=0.002]and the postoperative mRNA levels of CRY1[1.56±1.50 vs.1.13±0.98;MD(95％CI):-0.43(-0.81--0.05),t=-2.319,P=0.028]and PER2[0.82±0.63 vs.0.50±0.31;MD(95％CI):-0.33(-0.53--0.12),t=-3.202,P=0.003]were lower than the preoperative levels.One week after surgery,the pa-tients presented advanced sleep chronotype[3:03±0:59 vs.2:42±0:37;MD(95％CI):-21(-40--1),t=-2.172,P=0.038],shortened sleep latency[(67±64)min vs.(37±21)min;MD(95％CI):-30.33(-55.28--5.39),t=-2.487,P=0.019],lengthened sleep duration[(436±83)min vs.(499±83)min;MD(95％CI):62.80(26.93-98.67),t=3.581,P=0.001],increased sleep efficiency[(87.59±10.35)％vs.(92.98±4.27)％;MD(95％CI):5.39(1.21-9.58),t=2.636,P=0.013],decreased sleep quality score[1.13±0.78 vs.0.80±0.71;MD(95％CI):-0.33(-0.62--0.05),t=-2.408,P=0.023],and declined PSQI total score[6.60±3.17 vs.4.03±2.58;MD(95％CI):-2.57(-3.87--1.27),t=-4.039,P＜0.001].Body mass index(BMI)(B=-227.460,SE=95.475,t=-2.382,P=0.025),anesthesia duration(B=-47.079,SE=18.506,t=-2.544,P=0.017),and mRNA level of PER2(B=2815.804,SE=1080.183,t=2.607,P=0.015)collectively influenced the sleep chronotype,and the amount of anesthesia medicine(B=0.067,SE=0.028,t=2.385,P=0.024)independently influenced the PSQI one week after surgery.Conclusions Total intravenous anesthe-sia can improve sleep habits by advancing sleep chronotype.BMI,anesthesia duration,and mRNA level of PER2 collectively influence sleep chronotype one week after surgery.The amount of anesthesia medicine independently influences the PSQI total score one week after surgery.

The paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) is a key nucleus involved in wakefulness. PVT plays an important role in normal sleep-wake regulation, but its role may vary during anesthesia depending on the stage of anesthesia. This article will review the role of PVT in sleep and anesthesia based on its wakefulness function neural pathways.