PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the correlation between the fracture patterns and the complications in patients with femoral neck fracture treated with internal fixation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprises 45 patients with femoral neck fracture treated with multiple screws or compression hip screw between May 2008 and April 2012. The mean age was 48 years at the time of the surgery and the mean duration from initial injury to surgery was 20 hours. The fracture patterns were identified according to the anatomical location, the Garden classification and the Pauwels classification. The occurrence of nonunion and avascular necrosis were reviewed with clinical results including Harris hip score and Lunceford hip function test. The correlation between the fracture pattern and occurrence of complications were analyzed. RESULTS: Fracture site union was achieved in 40 hips with the average union time of 17 weeks. Five nonunions occurred which showed high likelihood to occur in subcapital type, displaced (Garden stage III or IV) and Pauwels type III fractures (P<0.05). Avascular necrosis was developed in 10 hips which was mostly in subcapital type and Pauwels type III fracture but no statistical significance was found (P>0.05). The mean Harris hip score was 91 points, and Lunceford functional results were excellent in 15 hips, good in 24, fair in 4 and poor in 2. CONCLUSION: There was high risk of nonunion in subcapital type fracture, displaced fracture (Garden stage III and IV) and vertically oriented fracture (Pauwels type III). Careful attention is needed in these fracture types.
Classification ; Femoral Neck Fractures* ; Femur Neck* ; Hip ; Humans ; Necrosis

PURPOSE: The aim of the current study is to report the advantage and disadvantage of total hip arthroplasty performed in direct anterior approach (DAA) by comparing it to the posterolateral approach (PLA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five hip arthroplasty done in DAA (12 total hip arthroplasty [THA] and 13 bipolar hemiarthroplasty [BHA]) were compared with the same number done in PLA (13 THA and 12 BHA). Intraoperative assessments including operation time, anesthetic time, bleeding amount were recorded with intraoperative complications. Immediate postoperatively, position of the prosthesis and leg length discrepancy were measured and were compared between the two approaches. RESULTS: The operation time was 22 minutes and 19 minutes longer in DAA for THA and BHA respectively while the anesthetic time difference was 26 and 10 respectively. However, these parameters showed no statistical difference. No significance was found when bleeding amount was compared. For DAA, cup alignment was within safe zone in 100% both for inclination and for anteversion while this was 83.3% and 75.0% respectively in PLA. Leg length difference was 3 mm in DAA and 5 mm in PLA but had no significant difference. Tensor fascia lata tear was the most common complication occurring in 9 patients. CONCLUSION: Although significant was not reached there was trend toward more operation time and anesthetic time when DAA was used. However, the trend also showed that cup and stem were likely to be in more accurate position and in adequate size which is likely due to the accurate use of fluoroscopy.
Arthroplasty* ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Bleeding Time ; Butylated Hydroxyanisole ; Fascia Lata ; Fluoroscopy ; Hemiarthroplasty ; Hemorrhage ; Hip* ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; Leg ; Prostheses and Implants ; Tears

Purpose: The utility of total hip arthroplasty (THA) for the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients (≥80 years of age) remains controversial as a patient’s general condition is an essential factor impacting recovery. This study aims to determine if THA is a valuable option for appropriately selected elderly patients. Materials and Methods: All patients underwent cementless THA using a direct lateral approach with a rectangular stem. Eighty-two patients ≥80 years of age underwent THA due to a displaced femoral neck. Clinical frailty scale (CFS) scores <5 were indicated for THA. The modified Harris hip score (mHHS), visual analogue scale (VAS), and patient satisfaction were used to assess outcomes. Results: Nine of 82 patients died in the study period with another underlying disease. One, a 90-year-old male with pneumonia expired in the intensive care unit at 7-day postoperatively, while the other eight died due to causes unrelated to THA. Of the remaining 73 patients: (i) mean mHHS score increased to 80.57±21.36 at 1-year postoperatively; (ii) VAS was 2.3±0.9 points six-months postoperatively; and (iii) 78.7% of patients reported that they were very satisfied or satisfied 1-year postoperatively. The number of perioperative complications was 10.8% (9 hips) without the need for revision surgery. Conclusion The use of THA in patients ≥80 years of age with low CFS scores (<5) described here yielded favorable results and a relatively low rate of complications. However, a well-controlled comparative study or randomized trial is required to further refine selection criteria for THA in this patient population.

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical features and the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on treatment outcomes of patients with pelvic insufficiency fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients diagnosed with pelvic insufficiency fractures were evaluated retrospectively. All patients had osteoporosis with mean lumbar T score of −3.9 (range, −3.1 to −6.4) and the mean age was 76.5 years. In all cases, simple radiography and computed tomography was used for final diagnosis; additional magnetic resonance imaging and technetium bone scans were used to confirm the diagnosis in 2 and 6 patients, respectively. Initial conservative treatment was used in all cases; treatment with PTH was applied in 5 cases. Radiological follow-up was done every 4 weeks up to 6 months and every 3 months thereafter. Symptom improvement was measured using visual analogue scale (VAS) score. RESULTS: Fractures were located: i) sacrum and pubis (9 cases), ii) isolated sacrum (4 cases) and iii) isolated pubis (2 cases). One case showed fracture displacement and pain aggravation at 4 week follow-up which was treated with percutaneous sacro-iliac fixation using cannulated screws. Duration of bone union was significantly shorter in the patients who used PTH (P<0.05). VAS scores were also lower in the group treated with PTH; however, statistical significance was not reached. CONCLUSION: In patients with osteoporosis, a pelvic insufficiency fracture should be considered if pain is experienced in the pelvic area in the absence of major trauma. While nonoperatic has been shown to be sufficient for treatment, our study shows that PTH therapy shortens treatment period and could be a favorable treatment option.
Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Stress* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Osteoporosis* ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Pubic Bone ; Radiography ; Retrospective Studies ; Sacrum ; Technetium

PURPOSE: We evaluated the usefulness of an additional, 2.7 mm mini-locking plate for tibial pilon fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 21 patients (14 males and 7 females), who were treated with a 2.7 mm mini-locking plate via the anterolateral approach for tibial pilon fractures between September 2012 and April 2014. The mean age was 43.85 years, and the mean follow-up period was 16.6 months. The radiologic outcomes were graded by the Burwell and Charnley modified system and clinical outcomes were evaluated by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hind foot score and visual analogue scale (VAS) score. RESULTS: The mean union period was 14.3 weeks. At the final follow-up, radiologic results showed 16 excellent results, 4 fair results, and 1 poor result. The average VAS was 3.4 points; the average AOFAS score was 81.8 points. During the follow-up period, there were three cases of posttraumatic osteoarthritis and one case of superficial skin infection. CONCLUSION: Additional anterolateral, 2.7 mm mini-locking plate may be a good treatment method to manage tibial pilon fractures.
Ankle ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Osteoarthritis ; Skin

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of blocking screws in distal tibial metaphyseal fractures treated with intramedullary nailing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 18 patients with distal tibial metaphyseal fractures, who underwent intramedullary nailing treatment with blocking screws between January 2012 and December 2014 and had a minimum follow-up of 1 year, were retrospectively reviewed for analysis. There were 7 patients with open fracture and 4 patients with intra-articular fracture. The location of the blocking screws was previously determined according to the fracture pattern. Moreover, the preoperative and postoperative angular alignment was measured. Patients received regular postoperative radiographic check-up, and the time-to-bone union and the incidence of nonunion were recorded. The clinical outcome was evaluated using the modified functional Kalstrom-Olerud score. RESULTS: All fractures healed completely without nonunion at an average of 17.7 weeks. The mean coronal/sagittal alignment improved from 6.4/4.8 degrees preoperatively to 2.5/1.9 degrees postoperatively. The alignment was maintained until complete union. There were 3 cases of anterior knee pain but no complications related to the blocking screw and wound infection. Using a modified functional Karlstrom-Olerud score, the outcome was considered good to excellent in 83.4% of the patient cohort. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the blocking screws may help the maintenance of reduction and alignment in distal tibial metaphyseal fractures treated with intramedullary nailing.
Cohort Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; Fractures, Open ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intra-Articular Fractures ; Knee ; Retrospective Studies ; Wound Infection

PURPOSE: Hip arthroscopy has been considered for treating hip dysplasia; however, its efficacy is still a matter of controversy. Here, we report outcomes of patients with borderline dysplasia treated with a contemporary hip arthroscopy technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-seven hips with borderline hip dysplasia were treated using hip arthroscopy. Patients underwent procedures to correct torn labrums or ligamentum teres with additional procedure on the acetabular capsule. Patient outcomes were assessed using visual analogue scale (VAS), modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Nonarthritic Hip Score (NAHS) and patient satisfaction. Risk factors for poor prognosis were also investigated. RESULTS: The mean follow up period was 25.9 months. At the last follow up, mean VAS score decreased from 6.1±1.6 to 3.5±2.8 (P=0.016). The mHHS and NHAS at the last follow up improved from 61.0±7.6 to 78.6±19.5 (P=0.001) and 62.1±7.5 to 80.0±18.5 (P=0.002), respectively. While significant improvement was observed in all patient reported outcome measures tested, 19 (40.4%) hips indicated that “the operation was unsatisfactory.” The only factor shown to influence outcomes was preoperative VAS (i.e., worse scores potentially an indicator of poor outcomes). CONCLUSION: The results of the current study indicate that arthroscopic management may be beneficial for a subset of patients with borderline dysplasia; however, the dissatisfaction rate associated with this treatment approach may be as high as 40%. The poor preoperative pain score appears to be the sole indicator for poor outcomes.
Acetabulum ; Arthroscopy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hip Dislocation ; Hip ; Humans ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Patient Satisfaction ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Round Ligaments

When spine-pelvic motion is normally coordinated, the pelvis may tilt posteriorly and acetabular anteversion may increase as the patient's position changes from standing to sitting; this scenario allows for improved clearance of the femoral head and neck during hip flexion. However, changes in the mobility of the spine and pelvis may result in impingement after total hip arthroplasty (THA), with the most obvious complication being dislocation. Understanding the spinal-pelvic relationship in the sagittal plane is essential for planning THA in patients with spinal fusion or a known spine disease. Careful attention should be payed to the cup position when performing THA on patients with an increased risk of dynamic impingement.
Acetabulum ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Dislocations ; Head ; Hip ; Humans ; Neck ; Pelvis ; Spinal Fusion ; Spine

Background: Preoperative verification of fracture morphology is essential for determining the definitive fixation strategy in the management of a pilon fracture. This study aimed to determine the correlation between fibular injury patterns and fracture morphologies and introduce clinical implications. Methods: Computed tomography scans of 96 pilon fractures were retrospectively analyzed and divided into three types: intact fibula, simple fracture, and multifragment fracture. The principal fracture line and comminution zones were illustrated on a plafond template and diagrammatized on a 6 × 6 grid using PowerPoint software as fracture mapping. Correlations between fibular injury patterns and fracture morphologies, including comminution zones and principal fracture lines, were analyzed. Results: The thickest comminution zone was most often located in the anterolateral quadrant. According to fibular injury patterns, the comminution zone of the multifragment group was placed two grids more lateral than that of other groups. Lateral exits of the principal fracture line in the multifragment group were much more concentrated within the fibular incisura. Conclusions In pilon fractures, a more complex fibular fracture pattern was related to the valgus position. Moreover, the articular fracture pattern of pilon fractures differed according to coronal angulation and fibular fracture pattern. These differences should influence the operative approach and placement of the plate.

PURPOSE: This study examined the outcomes of exchange nailing for the hypertrophic nonunion of femoral shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing as well as the factors affecting the treatment outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1999 to March 2015, 35 patients, who had undergone intramedullary nailing with a femoral shaft fracture and underwent exchange nailing due to hypertrophic nonunion, were reviewed. This study investigated the time of union and complications, such as nonunion after exchange nailing, and analyzed the factors affecting the results. RESULTS: Bone union was achieved in 31 cases (88.6%) after exchange nailing and the average bone union period was 22 weeks (14–44 weeks). Complications included persistent nonunion in four cases, delayed union in one case, and superficial wound infection in one case. All four cases with nonunion were related to smoking, three of them were distal shaft fractures, and one was a midshaft fracture with underlying disease. CONCLUSION: Exchange nailing produced satisfactory results as the treatment of hypertrophic nonunion after intramedullary nailing. Smoking is considered a factor for continuing nonunion even after exchange nailing. In the case of a distal shaft, where the intramedullary fixation is relatively weak, additional efforts are needed for stability.
Femur ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; Humans ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Wound Infection