PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the experience and perception of sexual harassment during the clinical practice of Korean nursing students. METHODS: The descriptive study was conducted using a self-report questionnaire from December 2009 to January 2010. Participants were 542 nursing students recruited from 12 nursing colleges in Korea, who had finished 1,000 hours of clinical practice which is the minimum requirement for graduation. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Ninety-seven participants (17.9%) reported that they experienced sexual harassment during clinical practice and 36 participants (6.7%) answered whether it was a sexual harassment or not. When sexual harassment was asked by the specific 18 items in the sexual harassment checklist, 52.0% (n = 282) of participants reported that they experienced at least 1 item among 18 items of sexual harassment. Sexual harassments were frequently made by the persons in their 40s (41.2%), men (97.9%) and patients (96.9%) and in the psychiatric wards (67.0%). Many respondents recognized that sexual harassment during clinical practice was caused by abnormal sexual desire of a pervert (34.5%) or men's sexual impulse (26.2%). Also, sexual harassment was perceived as a serious problem (19.4%) and education was necessary for prevention (88.3%). CONCLUSION: Education program is needed to prevent sexual harassment and enhance the gender sensitivity of nursing students, who are in the high-risk group of sexual harassment during clinical practice. This will in turn contribute to a safe educational environment for clinical practice.
Checklist ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Sexual Harassment ; Students, Nursing ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: No valuable early marker exists for the prognosis of patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We compared post-resuscitation levels of several biochemical candidates and correlated them with outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS: Eligible resuscitated patients with OHCA were prospectively enrolled from December 1, 2004 to November 30, 2005. Demographic data were collected and early levels of biochemical candidates were measured both at the time of initiation of CPR and immediately after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), including those of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), procalcitonin, and S-100 protein. The ROSC over 20 minutes, survival from the emergency room (ER), survival after 1 month, and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) after 1 month were evaluated for outcome. Levels of early biochemical candidates were correlated with those outcomes. RESULTS: 126 patients were eligible for analysis. 81 (64.3%) were male, and the mean age was 59.6+/-17.2 years. The rate of ROSC, survival from ER, and survival after 1 month were 40.5%, 33.3%, and 8.7%, respectively. 4 patients whose GOS was more than 4 showed good neurological outcome. The levels of S-100 protein were significantly lower in the survival group than in the non-survival group after 1 month: 1.6+/-0.8 versus 3.9+/-4.9 microgram/L at the time of initiation of CPR (p<0.01), and 1.6+/-1.1 versus 4.5+/-5.0 microgram/L immediately after ROSC (p=0.01), respectively. IMA and procalcitonin did not show any predictive value. CONCLUSION : The levels of S-100 protein was found to be useful as an early biochemical marker for prognosis following OHCA. S-100 concentrations were significantly lower in the survival group than in the non-survival group after 1 month after successful resuscitation from OHCA.
Biomarkers* ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Ischemia* ; Male ; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest* ; Prognosis* ; Prospective Studies ; Resuscitation ; S100 Proteins*

PURPOSE: No valuable early marker exists for the prognosis of patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We compared post-resuscitation levels of several biochemical candidates and correlated them with outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS: Eligible resuscitated patients with OHCA were prospectively enrolled from December 1, 2004 to November 30, 2005. Demographic data were collected and early levels of biochemical candidates were measured both at the time of initiation of CPR and immediately after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), including those of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), procalcitonin, and S-100 protein. The ROSC over 20 minutes, survival from the emergency room (ER), survival after 1 month, and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) after 1 month were evaluated for outcome. Levels of early biochemical candidates were correlated with those outcomes. RESULTS: 126 patients were eligible for analysis. 81 (64.3%) were male, and the mean age was 59.6+/-17.2 years. The rate of ROSC, survival from ER, and survival after 1 month were 40.5%, 33.3%, and 8.7%, respectively. 4 patients whose GOS was more than 4 showed good neurological outcome. The levels of S-100 protein were significantly lower in the survival group than in the non-survival group after 1 month: 1.6+/-0.8 versus 3.9+/-4.9 microgram/L at the time of initiation of CPR (p<0.01), and 1.6+/-1.1 versus 4.5+/-5.0 microgram/L immediately after ROSC (p=0.01), respectively. IMA and procalcitonin did not show any predictive value. CONCLUSION : The levels of S-100 protein was found to be useful as an early biochemical marker for prognosis following OHCA. S-100 concentrations were significantly lower in the survival group than in the non-survival group after 1 month after successful resuscitation from OHCA.
Biomarkers* ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Ischemia* ; Male ; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest* ; Prognosis* ; Prospective Studies ; Resuscitation ; S100 Proteins*

This article has been retracted following a review by the Editorial Board.

BACKGROUND: Keratinocytes are the major cells in epidermis, providing barrier components such as cornified cells through the sophisticated differentiation process. In addition, keratinocytes exerts their role as the defense cells via activation of innate immunity. It has been known that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including double-strand RNA and nucleotides can provoke inflammatory reaction in keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Ampelopsis japonica Makino extract (AE) on PAMPs-induced inflammatory reaction of keratinocytes. METHODS: The effects of AE were determined using poly (I:C)-induced inflammation and imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis models. RESULTS: In cultured keratinocytes, AE significantly inhibited poly(I:C)-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α. AE significantly inhibited poly(I:C)-induced release of caspase-1 active form (p20), and down-regulated nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. In imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis model, topical application of AE resulted in significant reduction of epidermal hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that AE may be a potential candidate for the treatment of skin inflammation.
Ampelopsis* ; Cytokines ; Dermatitis ; Epidermis ; Hyperplasia ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukin-8 ; Interleukins ; Keratinocytes* ; Necrosis ; Nucleotides ; Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules* ; RNA ; Skin

BACKGROUND: Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis is one of the common causes of cervical mass in adult (espe cially in woman) in korea. Sometimes it appears to be difficult in defining the role of surgery and duration of antituberculous chemotherapy. METHOD: To clarify the proper duration and/or combination of regimens, we analyzed the clinical data of 31 patient with cervical lymphadenitis diagnosed at Chungnam National University Hospital from March 1996 to December 1996 and all patients were prospectively randomized into two groups(2HREZ/4HRE and 6HREZ) by treatment method. RESULT: Prevalent age, male to female ratio, association with pulmonary tuberculosis and history of previous antituberculous medication were not statiscally different between two groups. The average size of the largest lymph node before teatment was 2.43+/-0.98cm and 3.15+/-1.74cm, respectively and was 0.63cm and 0.6cm after treatment, respectively. In both groups, 2 patients have engrowing node or not changed node during tratment and no recurrence was found during follow up period upto 12 months. In both groups, no significant side reaction resulting in discotinuation or changing the regimens was noticed. CONCLUSION: Short course antituberculosis therapy(2HREZ/4HRE) could be recommanded as effective standard therapy for superficial lymph node tuberculosis. Longterm follow up at least 36 months to observe recurrence might be needed to confirm this conclusion.
Adult ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphadenitis ; Male ; Prospective Studies* ; Recurrence ; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node* ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) in Asia is reported to range from 13.53% to 22.31%. However, there remains a gap in the identification of PPD, particularly regarding cultural cutoff points. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of PPD in Eastern, South-eastern, Western, and Southern Asian countries and analyze the cutoff points of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) used across these countries. Following Arksey and O'Malley’s five-step scoping review framework, the population was defined as mothers, the concept as the EPDS, and the context as the Asian region. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. The data analysis focused on demographic characteristics, EPDS cutoffs and features, PPD prevalence, and its associated factors. Nineteen studies were selected. Most countries used translated versions of the EPDS with demonstrated reliability and validity. The cutoff scores varied, with most using scores of 10 or higher. The prevalence of PPD ranged from 5.1% to 78.7%. Key associated factors for PPD included cultural factors such as relationships with in-laws and preferences for the newborn’s sex. To improve the accuracy of PPD screening in Asia, the EPDS should be used consistently, and appropriate cutoff criteria must be established. In addition, prevention strategies and programs that reflect the cultural characteristics and social context of Asia need to be developed for the early detection and prevention of PPD.

The prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) in Asia is reported to range from 13.53% to 22.31%. However, there remains a gap in the identification of PPD, particularly regarding cultural cutoff points. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of PPD in Eastern, South-eastern, Western, and Southern Asian countries and analyze the cutoff points of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) used across these countries. Following Arksey and O'Malley’s five-step scoping review framework, the population was defined as mothers, the concept as the EPDS, and the context as the Asian region. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. The data analysis focused on demographic characteristics, EPDS cutoffs and features, PPD prevalence, and its associated factors. Nineteen studies were selected. Most countries used translated versions of the EPDS with demonstrated reliability and validity. The cutoff scores varied, with most using scores of 10 or higher. The prevalence of PPD ranged from 5.1% to 78.7%. Key associated factors for PPD included cultural factors such as relationships with in-laws and preferences for the newborn’s sex. To improve the accuracy of PPD screening in Asia, the EPDS should be used consistently, and appropriate cutoff criteria must be established. In addition, prevention strategies and programs that reflect the cultural characteristics and social context of Asia need to be developed for the early detection and prevention of PPD.

The prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) in Asia is reported to range from 13.53% to 22.31%. However, there remains a gap in the identification of PPD, particularly regarding cultural cutoff points. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of PPD in Eastern, South-eastern, Western, and Southern Asian countries and analyze the cutoff points of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) used across these countries. Following Arksey and O'Malley’s five-step scoping review framework, the population was defined as mothers, the concept as the EPDS, and the context as the Asian region. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. The data analysis focused on demographic characteristics, EPDS cutoffs and features, PPD prevalence, and its associated factors. Nineteen studies were selected. Most countries used translated versions of the EPDS with demonstrated reliability and validity. The cutoff scores varied, with most using scores of 10 or higher. The prevalence of PPD ranged from 5.1% to 78.7%. Key associated factors for PPD included cultural factors such as relationships with in-laws and preferences for the newborn’s sex. To improve the accuracy of PPD screening in Asia, the EPDS should be used consistently, and appropriate cutoff criteria must be established. In addition, prevention strategies and programs that reflect the cultural characteristics and social context of Asia need to be developed for the early detection and prevention of PPD.

The prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) in Asia is reported to range from 13.53% to 22.31%. However, there remains a gap in the identification of PPD, particularly regarding cultural cutoff points. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of PPD in Eastern, South-eastern, Western, and Southern Asian countries and analyze the cutoff points of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) used across these countries. Following Arksey and O'Malley’s five-step scoping review framework, the population was defined as mothers, the concept as the EPDS, and the context as the Asian region. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. The data analysis focused on demographic characteristics, EPDS cutoffs and features, PPD prevalence, and its associated factors. Nineteen studies were selected. Most countries used translated versions of the EPDS with demonstrated reliability and validity. The cutoff scores varied, with most using scores of 10 or higher. The prevalence of PPD ranged from 5.1% to 78.7%. Key associated factors for PPD included cultural factors such as relationships with in-laws and preferences for the newborn’s sex. To improve the accuracy of PPD screening in Asia, the EPDS should be used consistently, and appropriate cutoff criteria must be established. In addition, prevention strategies and programs that reflect the cultural characteristics and social context of Asia need to be developed for the early detection and prevention of PPD.