Direct contact method of autoradiography was applied in order to know in Eurytrema pancreaticum which was incubated at various intervals such as 60, 120, 240, and 360 minutes in the vitro media added with radioactive succinic acid, C(14)-succinate. The distribution of the radioactive succinate was clarified by this technique and possible explanation was presented. The autoradiographic procedures were essentially the same as those reported previously by Yoon et al. (1964). The most distinct autoradiograms were obtained after 240 minutes incubation. The radioactivity of this labelled succinic acid chiefly concentrated in reproductive organs, such as testes, ovary, egg containing uterine tubules and vitelline follicles.
paraisology-helminth-trematoda-Eurytrema pancreaticum ; autoradiography ; metabolism-succinic acid ; succinic acid

The distribution of exogenous C(14)-succinic acid by Clonorchis sinensis incubated in Tyrode medium was studied by using autoradiographic techniques. A comparison was made between macro and microautoradiographs of this worm showed that black grains derived from labeled substance were distinctly observed in parenchymal tissue, oral sucker, ventral sucker, ovary, testes, and uterine tubules with eggs. In pharynx and intestine, a low density was monitored while negligible activity was found in seminal receptacle and vitelline follicles. In studying the further details, microautoradiography was utilized. The most radioactive regions were the reticular tissue and subcuticular musculature of this fluke, closely compatible with the finding of macroautoradiography. Apparent black grains of radioactivity were also found in oral sucker, ventral sucker, pharynx, uterine tubules, eggs in uterus, and intestinal ceca. Structures showing the least radioactivity included ovary, seminal receptacle and vitelline folliciles.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Tyrode ; autoradiography ; biochemistry-succinic acid ; Tyrode ; succinic acid

Succinic acid is an important C4 platform chemical that is widely used in food, chemical, medicine sectors. The bottleneck of fermentative production of succinic acid by engineered Escherichia coli is the imbalance of intracellular cofactors, which often leads to accumulation of by-products, lower yield and low productivity. Stoichiometric analysis indicated that an efficient production of succinic acid by E. coli FMME-N-26 under micro-aeration conditions might be achieved when the TCA cycle provides enough ATP and NADH for the r-TCA pathway. In order to promote succinic acid production, a serial of metabolic engineering strategies include reducing ATP consumption, strengthening ATP synthesis, blocking NADH competitive pathway and constructing NADH complementary pathway were developed. As result, an engineered E. coli FW-17 capable of producing 139.52 g/L succinic acid and 1.40 g/L acetic acid in 5 L fermenter, which were 17.81% higher and 67.59% lower than that of the control strain, was developed. Further scale-up experiments were carried out in a 1 000 L fermenter, and the titer of succinic acid and acetic acid were 140.2 g/L and 1.38 g/L, respectively.
Escherichia coli/genetics* ; NAD ; Succinic Acid ; Acetic Acid ; Adenosine Triphosphate

The therapeutic application of the soft contact lenses are popular in ophthalmic use recently. Drug effects of greater magnitude and duration may be achieved by using a soft contact lens soaked with drugs. Using mycon-soft lenses, with different diameter (14.5mm, 12.0mm) and thickness (0.2mm, 0.1mm), soaked in 2.5% hydrocortisone acetate or 2.5% hydrocortisone succinate for 15 minutes and 30 minutes according to the protocol, and elution studies were performed. Elution rate were not influenced by the thickness of contact lens and soaked time in drugs, but it was influenced by the size of contact lens. It showed that increased elution rate in larger contact lens than smaller one. It was suggested that neither hydrocortisone acetate nor hydrocortisone succinate were absorbed by the soft contact lens but were adhered to the lens surface and released from it gradually.
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids* ; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic* ; Hydrocortisone ; Succinic Acid

This study was undertaken to examine the effect of ethanol on Na+-dependent transport systems (glucose, phosphate, and dicarboxylate) in renal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV). Ethanol inhibited Na+-dependent uptakes of glucose, phosphate, and succinate in a dose-dependent manner, but not the uptakes of Na+-independent. The H+/TEA antiport was reduced by 8% ethanol. Kinetic analysis showed that ethanol caused a decrease in Vmax of three transport systems, leaving Km values unchanged. Ethanol decreased phlorizin binding, which was closely correlated with the decrease in Vmax of Na+-glucose uptake. These results indicate that ethanol inhibits Na+-dependent uptakes of glucose, phosphate, and dicaboxylate and that the reduction in Vmax of Na+-glucose uptake is caused by a decrease in the number of active carrier proteins in the membrane.
Carrier Proteins ; Ethanol* ; Glucose ; Ion Transport ; Membranes* ; Phlorhizin ; Succinic Acid

Phellinus genus belonged to Hymenochaetaceae of Basidiomycetes and has been well known as one of the most popular medicinal mushrooms due to high antitumor activity. This study was carried out to obtain the basic information for mycelial culture conditions of Phellinus linteus, P. baumii, and P. gilvus. According to colony diameter and mycelial density, the media for suitable mycelial growth of them were shown in MEA, glucose peptone, and MCM. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 30degrees C. Carbon and nitrogen sources were mannose and malt extract, respectively. The optimum C/N ratio was 10 : 1 to 5 : 1 with 2% glucose concentration, vitamin was thiamine-HCl, organic acid was succinic acid, and mineral salt was MgSO4.7H2O.
Agaricales ; Basidiomycota ; Carbon ; Glucose ; Mannose ; Nitrogen ; Peptones ; Succinic Acid ; Vitamins

Coriolus versicolor, is one of the most popular medicinal mushrooms due its various biologically active components. This study was conducted to obtain basic information regarding the mycelial culture conditions of C. versicolor. Based on the culture, and MCM media were suitable for the mycelial growth of the mushroom. The optimum carbon and nitrogen sources were dextrin and yeast extract, respectively, and the optimum C/N ratio was 10 to 2 when 2% glucose was used. Other minor components required for optimal growth included thiamine-HCl and biotin as vitamins, succinic acid, lactic acid and citric acid as organic acids, as well as MgSO4.7H2O as mineral salts.
Agaricales ; Biotin ; Carbon ; Citric Acid ; Glucose ; Lactic Acid ; Nitrogen ; Salts ; Succinic Acid ; Vitamins ; Yeasts

In recent years, bio-based materials are becoming a new dominant industry leading the scientific and technological innovation, and economic development of the world. We reviewed the new development of bio-based materials industry in China, analyzed the entire market of bio-based materials products comprehensively, and also stated the industry status of bio-based chemicals, such as lactic acid, 1,3-propanediol, and succinic acid; biodegradable bio-based polymers, such as co-polyester of diacid and diol, polylactic acid, carbon dioxide based copolymer, polyhydroxyalknoates, polycaprolactone, and thermoplastic bio-based plastics; non-biodegradable bio-based polymers, such as bio-based polyamide, polytrimethylene terephthalate, bio-based polyurethane, and bio-based fibers.
Biomass ; Biotechnology ; China ; Lactic Acid ; Phthalic Acids ; Plastics ; Polyesters ; Polyhydroxyalkanoates ; Polymers ; Propylene Glycols ; Succinic Acid

Some gel types have been reported to prevent left ventricular (LV) remodeling in myocardial infarction (MI) animal models. In this study, we tested biodegradable thermoresponsive gels. Poly(L-lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLLA-PEG) and poly(D-lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PDLA-PEG) were synthesized by the polycondensation of Land D-lactic acids in the presence of PEG and succinic acid. Each of these block copolymers was used to prepare particles dispersed in an aqueous medium and mixed together to obtain a PLLA-PEG/PDLA-PEG suspension, which was found to show a sol-to-gel transition around the body temperature by the stereocomplex formation of enantiomeric PLLA and PDLA sequences. In the present study, the G' of the PLLA-PEG/PDLA-PEG suspension in the rheological measurement remained as low as 1 Pa at 20 ℃ and increased 2 kPa at 37 ℃. The sol-gel systems of PLLA-PEG/PDLA-PEG might be applicable to gel therapy. The effect of the PLLA-PEG/PDLA-PEG gel injection was compared with that of a calciumcrosslinked alginate gel and saline in a rat MI model. The percent fractional shortening improved in the PLLA-PEG/ PDLA-PEG (20.8 ± 4.1%) and alginate gel (21.1 ± 4.8%) compared with the saline (14.2 ± 2.8%) with regard to the echocardiograph 4 weeks after the injection (p<0.05). There were reduced infarct sizes in both PLLA-PEG/PDLA-PEG gel and alginate gel compared with the saline injection (p<0.05). Moreover, a greater reduction in LV cavity area was observed with the PLLA-PEG/PDLA-PEG gel than with the alginate gel (p = 0.06). These results suggest that the PLLA- PEG/PDLA-PEG gel should have high therapeutic potential in gel therapy for LV remodeling after MI.
Animals ; Body Temperature ; Gels ; Lactic Acid ; Models, Animal ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Rats* ; Succinic Acid ; Ventricular Remodeling*

Ganoderma applanatum is one of the most popular medicinal mushrooms due to the various biologically active components it produces. This study was conducted to obtain basic information regarding the mycelial culture conditions of Ganoderma applanatum. Based on the colony diameter and mycelial density, PDA, YMA and MCM media were suitable for the mycelial growth of the mushroom. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was found to be 25~30degrees C. The optimum carbon and nitrogen sources were mannose and dextrin, respectively, and the optimum C/N ratio was 2 to 10 when 2% glucose was used. Other minor components required for the optimal growth included thiamine-HCl and biotin as vitamins, succinic acid and lactic acid as organic acids, and MgSO4.7H2O, KH2PO4 and NaCl as mineral salts.
Agaricales ; Biotin ; Carbon ; Ganoderma ; Glucose ; Lactic Acid ; Mannose ; Nitrogen ; Salts ; Succinic Acid ; Vitamins