OBJECTIVE: This study investigated trends in the study of phytochemical treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: The Web of Science database (2007-2022) was searched using the search terms "phytochemicals" and "PTSD," and relevant literature was compiled. Network clustering co-occurrence analysis and qualitative narrative review were conducted. RESULTS: Three hundred and one articles were included in the analysis of published research, which has surged since 2015 with nearly half of all relevant articles coming from North America. The category is dominated by neuroscience and neurology, with two journals, Addictive Behaviors and Drug and Alcohol Dependence, publishing the greatest number of papers on these topics. Most studies focused on psychedelic intervention for PTSD. Three timelines show an "ebb and flow" phenomenon between "substance use/marijuana abuse" and "psychedelic medicine/medicinal cannabis." Other phytochemicals account for a small proportion of the research and focus on topics like neurosteroid turnover, serotonin levels, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. CONCLUSION Research on phytochemicals and PTSD is unevenly distributed across countries/regions, disciplines, and journals. Since 2015, the research paradigm shifted to constitute the mainstream of psychedelic research thus far, leading to the exploration of botanical active ingredients and molecular mechanisms. Other studies focus on anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation. Please cite this article as: Gao B, Qu YC, Cai MY, Zhang YY, Lu HT, Li HX, Tang YX, Shen H. Phytochemical interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder: A cluster co-occurrence network analysis using CiteSpace. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(4):385-396.
Humans ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/drug therapy* ; Hallucinogens/therapeutic use* ; Substance-Related Disorders/drug therapy*

Internet addiction, a kind of behavioral addiction, has recently emerged as a big social issue among Korean adolescents. However, medical researches on the internet addiction has just started. Through a review of the literature on drug addiction and pathologic gambling, which are thought to be similar to the internet addiction, the author summarized biological aspects of internet addiction and currently available medications for the addicts.
Adolescent ; Drug Therapy* ; Gambling ; Humans ; Internet* ; Models, Biological* ; Substance-Related Disorders

OBJECTIVE: To explore the change and influence factors of quality of life QOL for drug abusers who accepted methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). METHODS: The questionnaire of QOL-BRIEF was used to measure the level of QQL when patients just entered the study and 6 months after the treatment respectively. The effect of therapy and characteristic of patients on change of QOL was analyzed. RESULTS: The scores in physiological domain, psychological domain, and the total score obviously increased after the treatment. There was no significant difference in the change of QOL between the patients of different dose groups. The QOLs of males and patients with long-time drug use improved significantly after the treatment. CONCLUSION MMT can raise the QOL of drug abusers. Gender and time of drug use may be the risk factors of QOL improvement.
Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methadone ; administration & dosage ; Opioid-Related Disorders ; drug therapy ; Quality of Life ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ; drug therapy ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Child and adolescent major depressive disorder(MDD) and dysthymic disorder(DD) are common, chronic, familial, and recurrent conditions that usually persist into adulthood. These are not only accompanied by several comorbid disorders(i.e., anxiety disorders and conduct disorders), but also increased risk for suicide, substance abuse, delinquency, school failure, and behavioral problems. Additionally, children and adolescents with MDD and/or DD frequently have poor family, academic, and interpersonal functioning. Thus the importance of early identification, comprehensive diagnosis, and proper treatment of the disorders has been emphasized. The treatment of MDD may be divided into three phases : acute, maintenance, and continuation. In acute phase, psychosocial treatment may be the first-line option for most depressive youth ; however, pharmacotherapy should be considered for a high-risk group. Currently, SSRIs antidepressants are efficacious for the treatment of adolescents with MDD, and have a relatively less side effects. Most clinicians favor the SSRIs as first-line medications for the depressive youth. Because of the high rate of relapse and recurrence of depression, all patients need continuation treatment for at least 6 to 12 months and some patients may require maintenance therapy from 1 year to life-long. All clinicians who are involved with the treatment of depressive youth should foster the effective therapeutic alliance and educate the patient and family about the disorder and its treatment to maintain proper treatment. Finally further research is needed on the several facets of child and adolescent depressive disorders.
Adolescent* ; Antidepressive Agents ; Anxiety Disorders ; Child* ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder* ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Suicide

Alcohol and substance related disorder in the elderly should be understood considering the physical, psychological and social characteristics of senile patients. In the elderly, alcohol, prescription drugs and over the counter drugs could be abused and cause a lot of serious physical and/or mental problems. Alcohol and substance related problems in the elderly are different in clinical manifestations and easily missed. Abuse of prescription drugs is more common in the elderly and the long acting benzodiazepines could cause problems. Benzodiazepine is one of the most abused drug prescribed by physicians because of treatment of insomnia, anxiety and even depression. Over the counter drug is commonly abused in the elderly and it is troublesome if there are drug interactions between these drugs and alcohol or other prescription drugs. Comprehensive approach including pharmacotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and family therapy would be helpful for the senile patients. There are unique difficulties based on characteristics of elderly for treatment of the patients with alcohol and substance related disorders. More efforts to develop resources for the better mental health for the elderly in community and more researches on alcohol and substance use disorder for the elderly are required.
Aged* ; Anxiety ; Benzodiazepines ; Cognitive Therapy ; Depression ; Drug Interactions ; Drug Therapy ; Family Therapy ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Nonprescription Drugs ; Prescription Drugs ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Sociology ; Substance-Related Disorders*

Alcohol and substance related disorder in the elderly should be understood considering the physical, psychological and social characteristics of senile patients. In the elderly, alcohol, prescription drugs and over the counter drugs could be abused and cause a lot of serious physical and/or mental problems. Alcohol and substance related problems in the elderly are different in clinical manifestations and easily missed. Abuse of prescription drugs is more common in the elderly and the long acting benzodiazepines could cause problems. Benzodiazepine is one of the most abused drug prescribed by physicians because of treatment of insomnia, anxiety and even depression. Over the counter drug is commonly abused in the elderly and it is troublesome if there are drug interactions between these drugs and alcohol or other prescription drugs. Comprehensive approach including pharmacotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and family therapy would be helpful for the senile patients. There are unique difficulties based on characteristics of elderly for treatment of the patients with alcohol and substance related disorders. More efforts to develop resources for the better mental health for the elderly in community and more researches on alcohol and substance use disorder for the elderly are required.
Aged* ; Anxiety ; Benzodiazepines ; Cognitive Therapy ; Depression ; Drug Interactions ; Drug Therapy ; Family Therapy ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Nonprescription Drugs ; Prescription Drugs ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Sociology ; Substance-Related Disorders*

Schizophrenia is a major chronic mental illness with various symptoms that is often accompanied by substance use disorders. Patients with schizophrenia have a higher smoking rate than the general population and a lower smoking cessation success rate. Further, their motivation for smoking cessation is often low. Individuals with schizophrenia that are past or present cigarette smokers are more difficult to treat in terms of psychotic symptoms, are more likely to have physical illnesses, and have higher mortality rates. A variety of treatments, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, are used to aid smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia. Among these, bupropion, varenicline, and nicotine replacement therapy can be safely used in patients with schizophrenia, and several studies have demonstrated their effects. Cigarette smoking is an important health problem. The study of smoking cessation in individuals with schizophrenia may help improve their ability to function and their quality of life through active evaluation and treatment.
Bupropion ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Mortality ; Motivation ; Nicotine ; Quality of Life ; Schizophrenia ; Smoke ; Smoking Cessation ; Smoking ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Tobacco Products ; Varenicline

Bipolar disorder is a chronic, recurrent condition with the usual onset during adolescence or early adulthood. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition, it is conceptualized as a spectrum disorder usually associated with such comorbidities as anxiety disorders and substance use disorders. It is a relatively prevalent condition often complicated by mixed episodes, rapid cycling, subsyndromal symptoms, and treatment refractoriness. In spite of carrying substantial morbidity and mortality, effective treatments are few and far between and conventional mood stabilizers are often unsuccessful in controlling the various manifestations of the disorder. In this scenario, second generation antipsychotics are emerging as treatments with valid efficacy in all phases of bipolar disorder. Quetiapine is a versatile atypical antipsychotic which was first approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, but latter on the basis of controlled studies earned United States Food and Drug Administration's approval for acute as well as maintenance treatment of this difficult to treat condition. In this review, recently published studies in the last 10 years were examined to update the knowledge about the efficacy and safety of quetiapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. The medication's clinical pharmacology was first considered followed by a literature review summarizing its uses in bipolar disorder. The conclusion was that quetiapine was efficacious in manic, mixed and depressive episodes and as a maintenance agent with a good tolerability profile.
Adolescent ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Anxiety Disorders ; Bipolar Disorder* ; Comorbidity ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Mortality ; Pharmacology, Clinical ; Schizophrenia ; Substance-Related Disorders ; United States ; Quetiapine Fumarate

It seems best to view ADHD as a developmental disability that comprises impairments in persistence of effort(sustained attention), the ability to delay responding and inhibit behavior(impusivity), and the regulation of excessive activity level or responding in situations(hyperactivity). These problems tend to arise early in childhood, often during the preschool years, and persist in over half the cases into adulthood as adult ADHD. ADHD in adolescents and adults responds to treatment with stimulants, tricyclic antidepressants, etc. Nonpharmacologic modalities such as behavior modification, individual and family therapy and cognitive therapy are useful adjuncts to psychopharmacologic management. Without effective treatment, ADHD often results in increased risk of trauma, substance abuse, conduct disorder, marital dishamony, family dysfunction, divorce, and incarceration in adolesence and adulthood. Lifelong treatment with proper medication and counselling are important to ADHD.
Adolescent* ; Adult* ; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic ; Behavior Therapy ; Cognitive Therapy ; Conduct Disorder ; Developmental Disabilities ; Divorce ; Drug Therapy ; Family Therapy ; Humans ; Substance-Related Disorders

The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain has become more widespread recently. Available data support the short-term use of opioids in clearly defined nociceptive and neuropathic pain states. Their use in 'pathological' pain states without a clear diagnosis, such as chronic low back pain, is more contentious. A decision to initiate opioid treatment in these conditions requires careful consideration of benefits and risks; the latter include not only commonly considered adverse effects such as constipation, but also opioid-induced hyperalgesia, abuse, addiction and diversion. Ideally, treatment goals should not only be relief of pain, but also improvement of function. Opioid treatment of chronic non-cancer pain requires informed consent by, and preferably a treatment contract with, the patient. Treatment should be initiated by a trial period with defined endpoints using slow-release or transdermal opioids. Ongoing management of the patient requires ideally a multi-disciplinary setting. Treatment should not be regarded as life-long and can be discontinued by tapering the dose.
Analgesics, Opioid ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia ; chemically induced ; Low Back Pain ; drug therapy ; Pain, Intractable ; drug therapy ; Substance-Related Disorders ; prevention & control