PURPOSE: This study is to evaluate the effects of drug abuse prevention program for elementary school students. METHOD: The design of this study is nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of experimental group were 27 students and the subjects of control group were 25 students in fifth grade of elementary school in C City, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The experimental group had Drug Abuse Prevention Program, which was two days per week program, for 5 weeks. And post-test was carried out in the same way as the pre-test. Data analysis was done using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, t-test, Paired Samples t-test using with SPSS WIN 11.0. RESULT: the experimental group, to which drug abuse prevention program was given, was improved in knowledge of drug and unacceptable attitude of drug compared to the control group, but there were no significant differences of self-esteem and assertiveness between two groups. CONCLUSION: The drug abuse prevention program was effective to increase knowledge and attitude of drug in elementary school students.
Child ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; *School Health Services ; Substance-Related Disorders/*prevention & control

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with a dual mode of action. Its analgesic efficacy is attributed to its partial affinity for the mu-opiate receptor and its inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. Acting in a synergistic manner and being more efficacious, tramadol is used worldwide for the treatment of moderate to severe acute or chronic pain. Abuse and dependence of tramadol as well as tramadol-related deaths have been increasingly reported, either ingested alone or taken in combination with other potentially interacting drugs. The possible toxic effect of tramadol was reviewed from aspects of its analgesic mechanisms, adverse effect, dependence, and abuse.
Analgesics, Opioid/poisoning* ; Forensic Toxicology ; Humans ; Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control* ; Tramadol/poisoning*

OBJECTIVETo provide the basis for AIDS intervention, the study on the relationship between AIDS related risk behaviors and the related factors was carried out among prostitutes, injection drug users and long-distance truck drivers.

METHODSQuestionnaire investigation and statistical analysis as chi(2) test, F test, logistic regression were adopted to analysis the relationship between AIDS related risk behaviors and the correlated factors.

RESULTSKnowledge about AIDS seemed to be related to their level of understanding the problem (in commercial sex workers r = 0.307, P = 0.000, in injection drug users F = 93.07, P = 0.000, in truck man F = 30.06, P = 0.000). Condom use when entertaining their clients last time was related to the knowledge of HIV transmission in commercial sex workers and truck drivers (OR = 1.171, 1.145) and knowledge of HIV prevention (OR = 1.081, 1.397), in drug users regarding gender difference (OR = 2.121).

CONCLUSIONThis study addressed that the effective means to reduce the rate of AIDS risk behaviors and to lessen the harm of AIDS are to improve the knowledge of AIDS and the effective methods to prevent AIDS in the high risk population.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; prevention & control ; Automobile Driving ; China ; Health Education ; Humans ; Risk-Taking ; Sex Work ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Abuse of pharmaceutical drugs is a major public health and social problem worldwide. Mostly abused drugs mainly include opioids such as morphine, tramadol, methadone and fentanyl, sedative-hypnotics such as benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines, and central stimulants such as Ritalin (methylphenidate), Adderall (amphetamine and dextroamphetamine) and modafinil. Abuse of pharmaceutical drugs not only causes direct damage to multiple systems of the body, but also significantly increases risks of mental and physical diseases, imposing a heavy burden on individuals, families and society. Therefore, the prevention and control of pharmaceutical drug abuse are of vital importance. The Chinese government has taken strict administration measures for pharmaceutical drugs with abuse risk. However, confronting endless new drugs and changing abuse trends, it is necessary to further strengthen management and prevention of pharmaceutical drugs, monitor the trend of abuse, establish rapid response mechanisms, popularize relevant knowledge, and develop specific therapeutic drugs and intervention means, in order to promote prevention and treatment of pharmaceutical drug abuse.
Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects* ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Illicit Drugs/adverse effects* ; Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control*

Saliva is an easily collected body fluid and has simple composition. Some drugs concentrations in saliva can reflect their blood level. This paper analyzes the mechanisms of drug transfer from blood into saliva and the influencing factors, reviews the methods of sample collection, preparation, analysis of the abused drugs in saliva, and the relationship between abused drugs content in saliva and in blood. We believe that saliva is a valuable sample in clinic and forensic medicine. It is important in forensic science field to estimate abused drugs concentrations in blood by via their saliva concentrations.
Forensic Medicine/methods* ; Humans ; Illicit Drugs/pharmacokinetics* ; Saliva/chemistry* ; Specimen Handling/methods* ; Substance Abuse Detection/methods* ; Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the effects of a drug misuse and abuse prevention programon knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviorsrelated to drug misuse and abuse, and depression in low-income elderly women in the urban area. METHOD: The design of this study was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects consisted of 26 in the experimental group and 23 in the control group. The program was performed for about 1hour, once a week for 5 weeks. Data was analyzed by the SAS(ver.8.02) computer program, and it included descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, and ANCOVA. RESULT: There were statistically significant differences in knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviors related to drug misuse and abuse, and depression between the experimental group and the control group. CONCLUSION: This study showed that this prevention program of drug misuse and abuse is appropriate for low-income elderly women, Therefore this program is recommended as a nursing intervention strategy for the elderly.
Substance-Related Disorders/*prevention & control ; *Poverty ; Humans ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Female ; Depressive Disorder/*prevention & control ; *Counseling ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Aged

Several epidemiological studies have shown that exercise (EX) and physical activity (PA) can prevent or delay the onset of different mental disorders, and have therapeutic benefits when used as sole or adjunct treatment in mental disorders. This review summarizes studies that used EX interventions in patients with anxiety, affective, eating, and substance use disorders, as well as schizophrenia and dementia/mild cognitive impairment. Despite several decades of clinical evidence with EX interventions, controlled studies are sparse in most disorder groups. Preliminary evidence suggests that PA/EX can induce improvements in physical, subjective and disorder-specific clinical outcomes. Potential mechanisms of action are discussed, as well as implications for psychiatric research and practice.
Anxiety Disorders/prevention & control/therapy ; Databases, Factual ; Dementia/prevention & control/therapy ; Eating Disorders/prevention & control/therapy ; *Exercise ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/prevention & control/*therapy ; Mood Disorders/prevention & control/therapy ; Motor Activity ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/prevention & control/therapy ; Schizophrenia/prevention & control/therapy ; Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control/therapy

Ketamine is a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist and comes into being a new problem of drug abuse. It can cause a certain extent of hallucination, which makes ketamine be abused in the casinos. The paper reviews the pharmacological and toxicology characteristic of Ketamine, the possible physiological mechanism and the methods for detecting Ketamine abuse.
Anesthetics, Dissociative/toxicity* ; Cerebral Cortex/drug effects* ; Humans ; Illicit Drugs ; Ketamine/toxicity* ; Mental Disorders/chemically induced* ; Receptors, Dopamine/drug effects* ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects* ; Substance Abuse Detection/methods* ; Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop an education program for safe drug use in the rural elderly and to measure the effect of the program. METHOD: This study utilized a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this study consisted of 40 older persons who were more than 65 years old and lived in G and C meon, Y gun, Gyeongsang-bukdo and visited the public health subcenter. Twenty were assigned to the experimental group and 20 to the control group. The education was provided for one and a half hours, once a week for 3 weeks. Data was collected before, right after, and one month after the program. RESULT: The first hypothesis was supported(F=79.24, p=0.000) showing that the knowledge scores of the drug use of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group at post education and one month after education. The second hypothesis was supported(F=23.84, p=0.000) showing that the drug misuse and abuse prevention behavior scores in the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group at post education and one month after the education. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the education for safe drug use is effective in promoting knowledge and behavior for safe drug use of the rural elderly.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; *Patient Education as Topic ; Program Evaluation ; Rural Population ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Substance-Related Disorders/*prevention & control

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to construct a structural equation model that would further explain the continuously increasing substance use disorder in Korean adolescents. METHODS: Survey visits using a structured questionnaire were conducted with 3,885 students in 2 middle schools and 2 high schools in Busan. A total of 13 instruments were used in this model. The analysis of data was done with both SPSS 14.0 for descriptive statistics and AMOS 5.0 for covariance structure analysis. RESULTS: Based on the constructed model, belief on substance use was found to have a significantly direct effect in influencing adolescent substance use. In addition, other factors such as family environment, satisfaction with school life, self-concept, social support, and personality vulnerability indirectly affected substance use. The final modified model yielded Chi-square=2,987 (p<.001), df=121, 2/df=22.1, GFI=.96, AGFI=.93, NFI=.91, PNFI=.72, PGFI=.72, RMSEA=.07 and exhibited fit indices. CONCLUSION: This study constructed a model that addresses the factors related to adolescent substance use and explains the relationship of these factors in influencing substance use among Korean adolescents. Findings from this study can contribute to designing appropriate prevention strategies to reduce substance related disorders in adolescents.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; Family Relations ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Models, Psychological ; Personality ; Questionnaires ; Self Concept ; Social Support ; Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control/*psychology