Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco products, produces diverse neurophysiological, motivational, and behavioral effects through several brain regions and neurochemical pathways. Various neurotransmitter systems have been explored to understand the mechanisms behind nicotine tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal. Recent evidence suggests that glutamate neurotransmission has an important role in this phenomenon. The aim of the present review is to discuss preclinical findings concerning the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor neurotransmission in mediating the behavioral effects of nicotine, tolerance, sensitization, dependence, and withdrawal. Based on preclinical findings, it is hypothesized that NMDA receptors mediate the common adaptive processes that are involved in the development, maintenance, and expression of nicotine addiction. Modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission with NMDA receptor antagonists may prove to be useful in alleviating the symptoms of nicotine abstinence and facilitate tobacco-smoking cessation.
Animals ; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology ; Drug Tolerance ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Nicotine/*administration & dosage ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*antagonists & inhibitors/physiology ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology/prevention & control ; Tobacco Use Disorder/physiopathology/*prevention & control

In order to identify ceftriaxone and its analogs whether has the function of anti-tolerance of morphine and study the dose-effect relation of ceftriaxone in mice, hot plate method to measure pain threshold of mouse and naloxone withdrawal models were carried out and compared with normal saline group. Ceftriaxone and cefotaxime had the effect of anti-tolerance and anti-dependence of morphine notably. And ceftriaxone has the effect of anti-tolerance of morphine in a dose dependent manner.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Cefotaxime ; pharmacology ; Ceftriaxone ; pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Tolerance ; Female ; Mice ; Morphine ; pharmacology ; Morphine Dependence ; prevention & control ; Pain Threshold ; drug effects ; Random Allocation ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ; physiopathology