Subcutaneous fat necrosis in the newborn is an uncommon transient disorder of the subcutaneous adipose tissue that develops after birth. We describe the characteristic ultrasonography and CT findings of a case of pathologically confirmed subcutaneous fat necrosis located at the subcutaneous fat layer of the neck, back, and shoulders with a review of the literature.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Neck ; Necrosis* ; Parturition ; Shoulder ; Subcutaneous Fat* ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness measured by ultrasonography (US) and serum lipid profile and liver transaminases in obese children. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-six children diagnosed with obesity from May 2001 to December 2013 were included in this study. Data on serum lipid profile and liver transaminases were collected from clinical records. Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness and grade of hepatic steatosis were evaluated by US. RESULTS: Of the 166 children, 107 were diagnosed with hepatic steatosis by US, 46 with grade I, 56 with grade II, and five children with grade III. According to the grade of hepatic steasosis, the average values of midline abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness and right flank abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness measured 2.9+/-0.8 cm and 1.9+/-0.7 cm in the normal group, 3.3+/-0.8 cm and 2.0+/-0.7 cm in grade I, 3.8+/-0.8 cm and 2.3+/-0.8 cm in grade II, and 4.1+/-0.8 cm and 2.8+/-1.4 cm in grade III, respectively. Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness correlated with grade of hepatic steatosis (p<0.01). In addition, abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness correlated with concentration of serum lipids and liver transaminases in the age group of 12-14 years (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness measured by US can be used as a reliable predictor of possible hyperlipidemia and steatohepatitis in children, especially during the adolescent stage.
Adolescent ; Child* ; Fatty Liver* ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias* ; Liver ; Obesity ; Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal* ; Transaminases ; Ultrasonography*

Weber-Christian disease is a rare inflammatory disease of subcutaneous fat necrosis that may or may not involve systemic disease. We report the results of a breast sonograph of a case diagnosed as a form of an acute lobular panniculitis affecting the breasts and upper limbs.
Breast* ; Necrosis ; Panniculitis ; Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative* ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Ultrasonography ; Upper Extremity

Unilateral breast edema has many causes, though among these, congestive heart failure is rare. We report mammographic and sonographic findings of unilateral breast edema due to congestive heart failure. Mammography showed diffuse increase density and skin thickening but no evidence of mass or calcification. Ultrasonography showed skin thickening and increased echogenicity in the subcutaneous fat layer, while in the dermal layer, with tubular and reticular anechoic structures suggestive of dilated lymphatics were seen. After treatment of the heart failure, resolution of the abnormalities seen on mammogram established that these were secondary findings.
Breast* ; Edema* ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)* ; Heart Failure* ; Mammography ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Ultrasonography*

Retroperitoneal lipoma probably constitute the group of the most massive solid abdominal tumors; their etiology is unknown; their symptoms insidious; and recurrence and sarcomatous change frequent. The clinical diagnosis was made by clinical symptoms, physical findings and radiologic evaluation such as intravenous urography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, angiography and so on. Abdominal CF scan provided clinically the most useful information regarding the state of tumors and also their effect on adjacent structures and shows homogenous appearing fat tissue with a low attenuation coefficient identical to that found in the subcutaneous fat. We present a case of treatment for a huge retroperitoneal lipoma in a 46-year-old man.
Angiography ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lipoma* ; Middle Aged ; Recurrence ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Ultrasonography ; Urography

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report the sonographic findings of neonatal coccygeal abscess,previously not described. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen neonates (5-18 days old) presented with swelling in thecoccygeal area and by either open drainage (n=13) or follow-up after antibiotic therapy (n=5), this was diagnosedas coccygeal abscess. We retrospectively reviewed the size, shape, location, echo pattern and marginalcharacteristics of the abscesses, as seen on sonography, as well as their intradural content and relationship withthe spine. Additional MR images (n=5) were separately reviewed. RESULTS: Mean longest diameter of the abscesseswas 1.5cm (range, 0.8-2.3); they were oval or round and located in the subcutaneous fat layer. Echogenicitycompared with surrounding fat varied: in nine patients it was isoechoic, and in nine, hypoechoic. Internalechogenicity was homogenous in 14 patients and heterogeneous in four, and in seven cases, the margin of theabscess was well demarcated. Intradural structure and bony spines were normal, and the possibility of spinaldysraphism, could thus be excluded. All cases except one were correctly diagnosed by sonography and clinicalfindings; on sonography, the echogenicity of one lesion was exactly the same as that of lipoma, and it was thusmisdiagnosed. In cases where sonography revealed an isoechoic mass, the use of MR excluded the possibility oflipoma. Three of five cases showed marginal or diffuse enhancement on contrast enhanced MR images. CONCLUSION: Coccygeal absesses were confined to the subcutaneous fat layer and were either iso- or hypoechoic compared. withsurrounding fat. In neonates, abscess formation in the coccygeal area is possible, and coccygeal abscess shouldtherefore be included in the differentiation of coccygeal masses.
Abscess* ; Coccyx ; Drainage ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Lipoma ; Retrospective Studies ; Spine ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Ultrasonography*

BACKGROUND: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in males over 40 years old, and the incidence of BPH has a tendency to increase with age. Obesity is state of excessive accumulation of fat in the body that leads to changes in the body's metabolism and endocrine function. Therefore, progression of BPH occurs in the obese state according to many articles. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of obesity indices which correlate with prostate volume. METHODS: The study was carried out in 285 males, who visited a health promotion center and underwent transrectal ultrasonography and abdominal fat computed tomography from April, 2010 to June, 2013. Anthropometric parameters were measured directly and blood samples were obtained in the morning after over eight hours of fasting. The correlation between obesity indices and prostate volume was analyzed. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, prostate volume was positively correlated with BMI (r=0.227, P<0.001), waist circumference (WC) (r=0.151, P=0.011), waist to height ratio (WHtR) (r=0.149, P=0.012), and visceral fat area (VFA) (r=0.157, P=0.008). However prostate volume showed no correlation with subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and visceral to subcutaneous ratio (VSR). WHtR had the largest area under the curve (AUC) for the identification of prostate volume more than 30 mL (AUC=0.595, P=0.017) followed by VFA and BMI in order. CONCLUSION: Prostate volume was positively correlated with BMI, WC, WHtR, and VFA among the obesity indices and WHtR had the largest AUC followed by VFA and BMI in order.
Abdominal Fat ; Area Under Curve ; Fasting ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Male ; Metabolism ; Obesity ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Ultrasonography ; Waist Circumference

BACKGROUND: Visceral fat accumulation plays a major role in metabolic syndrome and increased cardiovascular risks. Clinical evaluation of visceral fat by CT is not widely used because of high cost, low availability, and ionizing radiation risk, and alternative means are required. To assess the usefulness of ultrasound measurement of I-A fat distance for the evaluation of visceral obesity, we compared several length-associated parameters (I-A fat distance, I-A fat distance to thigh muscle length ratio, and I-A fat distance to abdominal subcutaneous fat length ratio) with area-associated parameters (VAT, visceral fat to subcutaneous fat area ratio [VSR] and VMR) measured by CT. METHODS: We evaluated 65 patients with type 2 diabetes (34 men and 31 postmenopausal women). CT scans were obtained at the L4-5 level and the mid-portion between greater trochanter and upper margin patella. I-A fat distance was defined as the distance between the internal face of rectus muscle and the anterior wall of the aorta. Also ultrasonography for measurement of I-A fat distance was performed in 20 men of subjects. RESULTS: Of the various parameters examined, I-A fat distance was most closely correlated with the VAT (r=0.76, p<0.001) and VMR (r=0.71, p<0.001) but not VSR (r=0.18, p=0.22). This distance positively correlated with serum triglyceride and free fatty acids in men (r=0.56 and r=0.59, p<0.05, respectively), and with uric acid (r=0.70, p<0.05), fasting insulin levels (r=0.70, p<0.001), insulin resistance index by HOMA (r=0.69, p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r=0.73, p<0.05), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r=0.85, p<0.001) in women. When the clinical and laboratory data was considered by tertiles of I-A distance, serum uric acid, fasting insulin levels, insulin resistance index (HOMA), BMI, waist or hip circumference, SBP, and DBP were significantly higher in the top tertile, but not WHR. I-A fat distance measured by ultrasonography significantly correlated with VAT, VSR, and VMR (r=0.79, r=0.71, and r=0.79, p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that 1) I-A fat distance may substitute for the VAT in assessment of visceral fat content and may be relatively good parameter indicative of visceral obesity and/or insulin resistance, and 2) several parameters (e.g., VAT, VSR, and VMR) related with visceral fat by CT may be replaced with ultrasonographic I-A fat distance.
Aorta ; Blood Pressure ; Fasting ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified ; Female ; Femur ; Hip ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Intra-Abdominal Fat* ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Patella ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal ; Thigh ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Triglycerides ; Ultrasonography ; Uric Acid

PURPOSE: To describe, evaluate and compare radiologic and clinical findings in the diagnosis of inflammatory breast carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the clinical and radiologic findings of mammography, ultrasonography and computed tomography in 11 women aged 31-75 (mean 46) years with inflammatory breast carcinoma. In three women, follow-up radiologic studies were also assessed. RESULTS: The left breast (7 cases) was more commonly involved than the right (4 cases). A Palpable mass (9 cases) and palpable axillary lymphadenopathy (8 cases) were the most common clinical findings. In nine of ten women, mammography revealed trabecular thickening, skin thickening, and nipple retraction. Mass, axillary lymphadenopathy and diffuse increased density of the breast parenchyma were also frequently found. Sonography showed that skin thickening and axillary lymphadenopathy were present in three women; obliteration of the interface between subcutaneous fat and parenchyma, as well as lymphatic engorgement, were also observed. In one woman, mass, skin thickening, nipple retraction and axillary lymphadenopathy were seen on CT. For the assessment of skin thickening, radiologic findings were better than clinical findings. During follow-up, radiologic and clinical findings showed close correlation. CONCLUSION: In the diagnosis and assessment of inflammatory breast carcinoma, radiologic findings provide valuable information.
Breast ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms* ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Mammography ; Nipples ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Ultrasonography

Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the breast with common symptoms of pain, swelling, erythema, warmth, and fever. Diagnosis of mastitis is easily made on the basis of typical symptoms and ultrasonographic findings, such as diffusely increased echogenicity of the parenchyma and subcutaneous fat, or skin thickening. However, when it occurs in women middle-aged or older, associated malignancy should be considered. In our cases, we detected irregular hypoechoic malignant masses after the disappearance of inflammatory changes. Therefore, when non-puerperal women have inflammatory signs on their breast, follow-up imaging should be performed. In particular, in the case of persistent or growing palpability after the recovery of breast inflammation, percutaneous core biopsy and short-term follow-up with ultrasonography should be considered to exclude the associated malignancy.
Biopsy ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Diagnosis ; Erythema ; Female ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Masks* ; Mastitis* ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Ultrasonography