Objective To study the effect of hypothyroidism on oxidative stress status in developing rat brain and to further explore the mechanism of impaired brain development caused by hypothyroidism. Methods Perinatal hypothyroidism was induced by administering propylthiouracil(PTU) solution to the dams by gavage.The oxidative stress indexes were measured in brain homogenate of normal and hypothyroid pups which were sacrificed on the 21st d after birth. Results As compared to the control,the following indexes were found to be increased in the hypothyroid group: protein carbonyl contents,thiobarbital acid reactive substances,reduced glutathione,total antioxidative capacity,activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase(P0.05). Conclusion Hypothyroidism during rat brain development may cause oxidative stress,which may be related to the brain damage caused by hypothyroidism.

Rat's adrenal medulla(AT group)or adrenal medulla soaked with monosialogan-glioside(AGT group)were transplanted into the head of striatum of rat model of Parkinsonism.Apomorphine induced greater improverment in rotational behavior in AGT group than in AT group with significant difference.Immunocytochemical staining with Chromagranin A showed that a lot of positively stained cells were distributed in the graft area and some cells developed process in AGT group. Our results showed that the monosialoganglioside had effects of increasing the survival of chromaffin cells and inducing the cells to develop processes.

Objective To investigate the effects of epalrestat on oxidative and carbonyl stress in streptozocin-induced diabetic rat kidneys, and to also explore their reno -protecting mechanisms in diabetic rats.Methods Rats were randomly divided into three sub-groups:normal control (group A),diabetic con-trol (group B) and diabetic with epalrestat (group C). Blood glucose, blood lipid, HbA1C, kidney to body weight ratio and urinary protein excretion were measured after 12 weeks.Malonyldialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, total sulfhydryl group and protein carbonyl levels in renal tissue were also determined .Results Compared to group A , kidney to body weight ratio , urinary protein excretion , MDA, and protein carbonyl levels in group B were significantly higher , while SOD and GSH-Px activities and total sulfhydryl group level were significantly lower than those in group A.Kidney to body weight ratio , urinary protein excretion , MDA, and protein carbonyl level in group C were significantly lower than those in group B .SOD and GSH-Px activity in group C were higher than those in group B .Conclusion Epalrestat can prevent renal hypertrophy and decrease urinary protein excretion in diabetic rats .The renoprotective effects of this drug may be related to his ability to inhibit oxi-dative and carbonyl stress .

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Tangmaikang on oxidative and carbonyl stress in streptozocin-induced diabetic rat kidneys,and to also explore their reno- protecting mechanisms in diabetic rats.MethodsRats were randomly divided into three sub-groups:normal control (group A),diabetic control (group B) and diabetic with Tangmaikang (group C).Blood glucose,blood lipid,HbAlC,kidney to body weight ratio and urinary protein excretion were measured after 12 weeks.Malonyldialdehyde (MDA)level,superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity,glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity,total sulfhydryl group and protein carbonyl levels in renal tissue were also determined.ResultsCompared to group A,kidney to body weight ratio,urinary protein excretion,MDA,and protein carbonyl levels in group B were significantly higher,while SOD and GSH-Px activities and total sulfhydryl group level were significantly lower than those in group A.Kidney to body weight ratio,urinary protein excretion,MDA,and protein carbonyl level in group C were significantly lower than those in group B.SOD and GSH-Px activity in group C were higher than those in group B.ConclusionTangmaikang can prevent renal hypertrophy and decrease urinary protein excretion in diabetic rats.The renoprotective effects of this drug may be related to his ability to inhibit oxidative and carbonyl stress.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of adult epileptic patients with interictal depression symptoms(IDs) and identify early predictors of IDs. Methods Adult patients with epilepsy were recruited ( n =110,45 females and 65 males) ,age between 16 and 67 years ( median 24 years). The sociodemographic and clinical factors of patients were recorded. Hamilton Depression Scale ( HAMD ) were applied to evaluate interictal symptoms of depression ( at least 72 hours after the last epileptic seizure). According to HAMD score,the epileptic patients were divided into IDs ( ≥8 ) and non-IDs(＜8) groups. The sociodemographic and clinical factors were compared between the two groups to identify the prevalence and early predictors of IDs in adult epileptic patients.Results The prevalence of IDs in adult patients with epilepsy was 38.2% ,49.0% in active epilepsy and 12.1 %in seizure freedom. 30.0% ,5.5% ,and 2.7% were experiencing mild-to-moderate (HAMD score≥8),moderateto-severe ( ≥ 18 ) and severe ( ≥25 ) depression. 42 patients who met the HAMD score≥8 were classified as IDs group,and the remaining 68 patients were classified as non-IDs group. With multiple stepwise backward logistic regreasion, independent predictors of IDs were epileptic seizures ( OR = 8. 845, P = 0. 003 ); symptomatic or cryprogenic epilepsy ( OR = 3.132, P = 0. 045 ); prolonged duration of illness ( OR = 1. 106, P = 0.004 ) and employment status (OR =0. 154, P=0.001 ). There were no relationship between seizure frequency and severity of IDs ( Kruskal-Wallis test, x2 = 4.5, P = 0. 104). Conclusion IDs is a frequent psychiatric comorbidity in adult patients with epilepsy. The prevalence of IDs is higher in those with active epilepsy compared with those in seizure freedom and most of them are mild-to-moderate. Epileptic seizure, symptomatic or cryprogenic epilepsy, prolonged duration of illness and employment status are independent predictors of IDs, but seizure frequency has nothing to do with the IDs severity of patients.

Objective To assess the neuropsychological characteristics in active epileptic patients and investigate itsrisk factors. Methods Ninety adult epileptic patients included 60 active epileptic patients (two or more unprovoked seizures within 12 months) and 30 age-, sex-, education-, course of disease- and seizure type-matched seizure-free subjects (without epileptic seizure for at least 1 year) . The neuropsychological tests including trail making test,digit symbol test, verbal fluency test,digit span test and hamilton depression scale( HAMD) ,were used to detect mental and motor speed, attention, language, working memory and depression symptoms respectively. The neuropsychological tests were compared between active and seizure-free epileptic patients and identified the risk factors of neuropsychological deficits in active epileptic patients. Results Compared to seizure-free subjects, active epileptic patients had significantly worse scores in digit symbol test, verbal fluency test, digit span test ((47.45 ±18. 812) vs(56.40 ±13. 631), (25. 25 ±8. 163) vs(30.40 ±8. 414), (10. 39 ±2. 228) vs( 11. 80 ± 2.074) respectively) ; more time to accomplish the trail making test A and B((64. 35 ±31.710) vs( 45. 47 ± 16. 309) , ( 133. 18 ± 47. 331 ) vs ( 98. 00 ± 35. 003 ) respectively) ; and higher scores in depressive symptoms ((9.12 ±6.219)vs(3.77 ±3.997) ,all P<0.05). Within active epileptic group,significant predictors of neuropsychological deficits were identified in a stepwise linear regression analysis: advancing age was significantly negatively correlated with digit symbol test(β = -0. 468, P = 0. 000) , digit span test (β = -0. 439, P = 0. 000), trail making test A (β =0.365, P = 0.003) and B(β = 0.346, P=0.002) ; higher scores on depressive symptoms was significantly negatively correlated with digit symbol test (β = -0.244, P = 0.015) ; mental work,high-education level and monotherapy were positively correlated with some of the cognitive function subscales. Conclusion This study suggests that active epilepsy can have a direct adverse effect on cognition and depression symptoms. Multi-drug therapy, severity of depression symptoms, advancing age, low-education level and non-mental work are the predictors of neuropsychological impairment in active epilepsy. In addition, good seizure control even after 1 year can have a beneficial impact on cognitive and depression prognosis.

AIM:To establish a specific method for the identification of 26 chemical drugs added illegally into analgesic-antipyretic traditional Chinese medicines and health food. METHODS: The liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry method was used.Comparing with retention time and spectrums of references in library set up by ourselves,the target compounds in sample were screened and identified. RESULTS: Sixty samples were tested and Naproxen,Ibuprofen and Aspirin were detected out. CONCLUSION: The method is accurate,sensitive and easy to operate, which is first reported in China and so many compounds could be detected at the same time.

Objective To investigate the effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on NADPH oxidase expression in rats′ pancreatic cells. Methods Isets of rats were isolated and intervened with AGEs for certain times (2, 12, 24, 48 h). The Nox2 mRNA expression was assayed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Real-time PCR. NADPH oxidase activity was detected by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. Results Nox2 mRNA level was 1.75, 2.31-fold higher in AGEs intervened group than control at 12 h and 24 h respectively. The NADPH oxidase activity was increased by AGEs stimulation in a time dependent manner. A distinct peak was at 24 hours and then with a decline , which is still higher than that of the control. Conclusion Exposure of rat islet to AGEs induces NADPH oxidase expression and leads to injury of islet.

Objective To investigate the effects of benazepril on the expression of receptors for advanced glycation end-products(RAGE)in diabetic rat kidneys,and to explore its mechanisms of renal protection in diabetic rats. Methods Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups(n=10 in each group): normal control group,diabetic control group and diabetic with benazepril group.Blood glucose,blood lipid,HbA1c,kidney to body weight ratio and 24 h urinary protein excretion were detected after 12 weeks.RAGE mRNA level was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Results Compared with the normal control group,the blood glucose,HbA1c,triglyceride,total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the diabetic control group and diabetic with benazepril group were significantly increased(P0.05).The kidney to body weight ratio,24 h urinary protein excretion and RAGE mRNA level in the diabetic with benazepril group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group(P

Objective To investigate the results of graft repair of peripheral nerve defects using small intestinal submucosa(SIS) with crude Schwann cells. Methods Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups,with 12 in each group.Firstly,12-mm gaps of sciatic nerve were made in rats and then treated respectively with porcine SIS(group A),SIS compounded with crude Schwann cells(group B) and auto-nerve grafting(group C) in the three groups.The grafts were harvested 16 weeks postoperatively to evaluate the results of nerve regeneration through histological examination, triceps surae weight,computerized imaging analysis,Trueblue retrograde tracing and transmission electron microscopy. Results Nerve regeneration was confirmed to have extended through the gaps according to the results of histological examination,Trueblue retrograde tracing and transmission electron microscopy.Furthermore,in the respect of triceps surae weight,quantity of axis cylinder per area and percentage of neural tissue,the results of group B and group C were superior to those of group A with a significantly statistical difference(P0.05). Conclusion SIS compounded crude Schwann cells was able to achieve the outcome of auto-nerve grafting and was a promising replacement graft.