Analgesia ; methods ; Analgesics ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Conscious Sedation ; methods ; Critical Illness ; therapy ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; therapeutic use ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric ; Pain Measurement ; methods ; Severity of Illness Index

Adrenal Cortex Diseases ; etiology ; Child ; Humans ; Sepsis ; complications ; physiopathology ; Shock, Septic ; complications ; physiopathology

Enteral Nutrition ; methods ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; mortality ; prevention & control ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; microbiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Infant, Premature, Diseases ; mortality ; prevention & control ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Probiotics ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Sepsis ; mortality ; prevention & control

Child ; Community-Acquired Infections ; microbiology ; Humans ; Pneumonia, Bacterial ; microbiology

The use of flaps for plastic and reconstructive surgery is very popular today.More and more surgeons have realized that the blood supply plays an important role in the design and survival of flaps.After Ian McGregor and Ian Jackson first introduced the axial flaps into clinics,Mathes divided the flaps into two types in 1981,the fasciocutaneous perforator flaps and musculocutaneous perforator flaps.In 1989,the concept of perforator flap was first brought into clinical practice.With the development of microsurgery and anatomy,the epidermis of human skin is divided into areas based on the vascular anatomy.A new century of musculocutaneous perforator flaps has been established.The terminology,classification,characteristics and application of musculocutaneous perforator flaps are described in this paper.