PURPOSE: This study attempted to identify influential variables on types of smoking in adult smokers, which have been derived from Q-study. METHODS: A survey was conducted with 328 adult smokers at community settings in Seoul, South Korea from April 2006 to July 2006. To identify the influential variables related to smoking, variables from the Trans-theoretical model(i.e., self-efficacy for smoking abstinence, smoking temptation, process of change, decisional balance(pros and cons)) and nicotine dependency were analysed by ANOVA. Post-comparison tests were also done. RESULTS: The scores of nicotine dependency and smoking temptation were higher in habitual craving types than any other types, while the scores of self-liberation and self-efficacy for smoking abstinence were higher in self control types than any other types. CONCLUSION: Specific smoking intervention methods for each of the smoking types needs to be developed, based on how different groups of individuals gets into a decisions to quit smoking within their contexts.
Adult ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Humans ; Nicotine ; Republic of Korea ; Smoke ; Smoking

The pupose of this study is to verify the role of urinary sodium in transient renal acidification defect which frequently combine acute infantile gastroenteritis. We studied on twenty-five infants, 2month to 36 month of age, during the 4 month period, from August, 1991 to December, 1991. The patients had acidosis for a mean of 3 days and sixty urine samples were collected during this period. The mean pH of 23 rine samples with sodium concentration<10 mmol/L was significantly higher than pH of 37 samples with sodium concentration<10 mmol/L, We separately analyzed 15 urine samples collected during metabolic acidosis after completion. of rehydration. The result was that a urinary acidification defent was observed in the urine samples with low sodium concentration but not in the sodium rich samples. We concluded that impaired urinary acidification defect is frequently during metabolic acidosis in infants with acute gastroenteritis and results from a sodium deficit rather than from transient distal renal tublur acidosis.
Acidosis ; Fluid Therapy ; Gastroenteritis* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Infant ; Sodium*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Scrub Typhus*

No abstract available.

Neurocutaneous melanosis (NCM) is a rare congenital syndrome consisting of benign or malignant melanotic tumors of the central nervous system with large or numerous cutaneous melanocytic nevi. The Dandy-Walker complex (DWC) is characterized by an enlarged posterior fossa with high insertion of the tentorium, hypoplasia or aplasia of the cerebellar vermis, and cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle. These each two conditions are rare, but NCM associated with DWC is even more rare. Most patients of NCM with DWC present neurological symptoms early in life such as intracranial hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, and malignant transformation of the melanocytes. We report a 14-year-old male patient who was finally diagnosed as NCM in association with DWC with extensive intracerebral and spinal cord involvement.
Adolescent ; Central Nervous System ; Dandy-Walker Syndrome* ; Dilatation ; Fourth Ventricle ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Male ; Melanocytes ; Melanoma ; Melanosis* ; Neurocutaneous Syndromes ; Nevus, Pigmented ; Spinal Cord*

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between two nailing approaches of intramedullary screw fixation, the retrograde nailing versus the anterograde nailing, on the radiological and clinical outcomes in patients with clavicle shaft fractures. METHODS: From April 2002 to August 2014, we enrolled a total of 22 patients with clavicle shaft fractures to participate in this study. Twelve patients received retrograde intramedullary nailing and 10 received anterograde nailing. The average duration of follow-up was 12 months. In all the patients, we took follow-up radiographs of the anteroposterior and the axial views to assess the postoperative radiological outcomes. We measured the visual analogue scale (VAS) score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and the range of motion (ROM). RESULTS: Clinically, we did not find a statistically significant difference in the retrograde group and the anterograde group in terms of the duration to bone union, the VAS score the ASES score and the ROMs. Radiologically, we found that the difference in the clavicle shortening of the affected arm and the unaffected arm did not show a statistically significant difference at the immediate postoperative assessment. we found that the difference in the clavicle shortening of the affected arm between the immediate postoperative and the final follow-up value did not show a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: We found that both the retrograde nailing and the anterograde nailing gave a favorable outcome for clavicle shaft fractures. Although we saw evidence of clavicle shortening after intramedullary screw fixation, this was not a factor that influenced clinical outcome.
Arm ; Clavicle* ; Elbow ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; Humans ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Shoulder

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify types of smoking decision making-temptation in adolescents and characteristics related to type among student smokers. METHOD: Data collection was done from March to July. 2006. A survey was administered to 275 students in 13 high schools and 15 middle schools in Seoul, South Korea. To identify types and characteristics smoking decision making-temptation in adolescents, cluster analysis using the K-mean method was employed. Characteristics of the influential variables according to the identified types of adolescent smokers were evaluated using ANOVA. RESULTS: Four types of smoking pattern in adolescents were identified: habitual craving (17.7%), nicotine dependence (35.8%), feeblemindedness (28.4%), and self control p=.001), while the score for self efficacy for smoking abstinence was higher in the self control type (F=23.06, p=.000). Conclusions: Findings from this study suggest that effective interventions for smoking cessation in adolescents require not only active implementation of nicotine replacement therapy but also development of individualized approaches for each person targeting change in the social environment that may lead to positive smoking decisional balance.
Adolescent ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Nicotine ; Republic of Korea ; Self Efficacy ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Social Environment ; Tobacco Use Disorder

Pena-Shokeir syndrome is a rare, often lethal disease, characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, craniofacial anomalies, limb ankylosis, polyhydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia. This autosomal recessive disease should be differentiated from trisomy 18, which the second most common multiple congenital malformation syndrome. It is therefore clear that the two syndromes have certain features in common, the most consistent being craniofacial and limb abnormalities and intrathoracic pathology. Therefore, final diagnosis should be based on chromosome study. The case that we experienced had typical Pena-Shokeir phenotype, but chromosomal study show 47, XY, +18.
Ankylosis ; Diagnosis ; Extremities ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; Pathology ; Phenotype* ; Polyhydramnios ; Trisomy*

No abstract available.
Hernia, Diaphragmatic*

Much attention has been paid to the insertion of central venous catheter(CVC) but their removal is a subject discussed rarely. After removal of a central venous catheter, rare but potentially life-threatening, transient cardiopulmonary collapse or neurological dysfunction had developed. The failure to appreciate these complications may be a significant factor in their high mortality. Early recognition and treatment may be made possible by a high index of suspicion. In this report, the clinical courses of two patients with central venous catheter removal distress syndrome are reviewed. Also guidelines for safe removal of CVC are formulated. An awareness of potential CVC removal complications is most important for their prevention and timely treatment. CVCs should be removed with the same degree of meticulous attention to detail that accompanies their insertion. Medical personnel should be reminded that removal of the catheter is an integral component of CVC management.
Catheters ; Central Venous Catheters* ; Humans ; Mortality