This study was conducted to investigate food and meal preference of workers (435 male and 212 female) in the Chonnam Yeosu industrial area. The results of the survey were analyzed by principal components analysis. The results were obtained as follows: 19.3% of the subjects were twenties, 28.3% were thirties, 28.8% were forties and 23.7% were fifties. Females liked rice rolled in dried laver, rice cakes, janchi-noodle and breads, on the other hand males liked thick beef soup, loach soup, an eel stew and soju. The young liked instant noodles, fried chicken, sweet and sour pork, pork cutlet, pizza, hamburger, ham, sausage and fruit beverage, on the other hand the old liked a fish pot stew, loach soup, eel stew, fish boiled in soy with spices, panfried fish, sea slug, ascidian, bunder, green laver and boiled burdock-lotus root in soy. Females who are young liked hamburger and sweet and sour pork whereas males who are young liked instant noodles, pork cutlet, ham, sausage and fruit beverage. Aged females liked fish boiled in soy with spices, panfried fish, bunder, green laver, boiled burdock-lotus root in soy whereas aged males liked a fish pot stew, loach soup, eel stew, sea mussel and oysters. Boiled rice was located within the middle irrespective of age and sex, but noodles, wheat flour meal, fast foods and fruits were situated at the young female side. Aged males liked soup and pot stew. Young males liked meats and eggs whereas fish and shellfish and kimch were located at the aged people side. Aged females liked sea weeds and most people disliked vegetables but females liked some vegetables irrespective of age. Processed foods, salted foods, and alcohol were generally disliked foods by subjects but males liked those foods. Soybean curd was liked more males than females, and teas, except coffee, was liked by males.
Aged ; Beverages ; Bivalvia ; Bread ; Chickens ; Coffee ; Eels ; Eggs ; Fast Foods ; Female ; Flour ; Fruit ; Gastropoda ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Meat ; Ostreidae ; Ovum ; Shellfish ; Soybeans ; Spices ; Tea ; Triticum ; Urochordata ; Vegetables

This study examined burdens of primary family carcgivcrs of paticnto with cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) along with related factors. In addition, their needs for support group intervention were assessed to develop a support group to reduce the burdens of caregiving. Eighty-one primary family caregivers of patients with CVAs at a general hospital in Seoul participated in this study . The patients with CVAs aged from 26 to 83 years with mean age of 63 years. About 90% of the patients had some paralysis and 56.6% suffered speech problems. Fifty-eight percent of the primary family caregivers were spouses of the patients and 80.2% were women. Primary family caregivers' burdens were assessed by the Burden Scale originally devel oped by Zarit (1980) and Novak & Geust(1989) and modified by Jang (1995) for use in Korea. The instrument consists of six subscales time-dependent burden, developmental burden, physical burden, emotional burden, social burden, and financiaI burden. The results were as follows : 1. The average of burden score was 91.7, indicating moderate to severe level of burden. The time-dependent burden was scored highest followed by physical, developmental, social, financial, and emotional burdens. 2. of the characteristics of patients, age, gender, and severity of the disease were found to be associated with the level of burden. Of the characteristics of primary family caregivers, age and educational level were significantly related to the level of burden. Time of care since the CVA and the quality of relationship between a patient and a caregiver prior to the stroke were significant situational factors affecting the level of burden. 3. The need for support group intervention for the caregivero was very high (95.1%). The earcgivcrs of patients who had a CVA for the first time showed higher levels of need compared to those of patients who had a CVA more than once. The caregivers indicated a support group held once a month near home or hospital would be welcomed. In addition, they replied that a group composed of 9 to 10 caregivers and guided by health care professionals (e.g., physicians and nurses) would be most desirable. More than 85% of the earegivers identified the areas that they wanted intervention in as follows : knowledge, skills, and resources to care for a patient with a CVA. the counsel of health care professionals, share of their experiences with those who have similar situations, stress management skills, and methods to overcome emotional isolation due to the great responsibility for a patient. Given the results, support group is expected to be an effective way to reduce the burdens of primary family caregivers of patients with CVAs. As a follow up It is necessary to examine the effect of support group intervention on the patient's recovery and rehabilitation.
Caregivers* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Korea ; Paralysis ; Rehabilitation ; Self-Help Groups* ; Seoul ; Spouses ; Stroke*

This study aims to find factors that affect variations in cesarean section frequency rates among OBGY clinics in Metropolitan areas. The factors include patient, medical supplier characteristics and economic factors. This study is a cross-sectional analysis using health insurance delivery claims from July to December 2000 and files of the NHIC(national health insurance corporation). Multiple regression was used to analyze the dependent variable of cesarean section frequency rate at each clinic. The results are as follows : Cesarean section frequency rate is increasing in proportion to the number of the following patients : repeated caesarean section, disproportion, obstructed labour, fetal distress, emergency caesarean section and self-employed patients. There are geographic variations as well. Cesarean section frequency rates are higher in Inchon and Gyonggi province than in Seoul. The higher number of total delivery the clinic has, the lower rate of cesarean section it has. Clinics with high frequency rates in 1999 showed higher rates the next year. Further research is required to develop evidence based delivery modes and change strategies for increasing normal delivery and activating midwife clinics.
Cesarean Section* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Emergencies ; Female ; Fetal Distress ; Humans ; Incheon ; Insurance, Health ; Midwifery ; Pregnancy ; Seoul ; Small-Area Analysis

No abstract available.
Blood Flow Velocity* ; Ductus Arteriosus* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Ultrasonography*

Objective To investigate the widespread of the liver cancer risk factors in Wuwei city,where low-incidence for liver cancer and offer the cause clue to first-level prevention. Methods Investigate the risk factor and family history of the Wuwei city resident who wlth liver cancer by using case-control study.Estimate the liver cancer heredity mode with the method of Penrose and simple segregation analysis,calculate the degree of heritability with the metllod of Falconer,s regression.Detect the content of the resulting and promoting cancer fungi,volatility N-second nitroso compound in the meal,nitrate and nitrite in the drinking water and the vitamin C in the health adults'serum by means of culturing appraisement,experiment examination etc.Results The risk factom of liver cancer in the Wuwei city were history of viral 'hepatitis type B,kinsfolk tumor,the eating salting or mildewed foods,cirrhosis,drinking surface water,well water,or wine.By using segregation analysis and estimation of heredity mode show that the morbidity of liver cancer discrepancy to the monogenic inheritance mode,maybe the polygenic inheritance mode in Wuwei city.The h~2 of index case first degree relative was 58.74%.Picking out 8 kinds of nitrosamine,14 kinds of resulting and promoting cancer fungi from resident meal.The content of nitrate and nitrite was (38.97±3.14) mg/L,(0.086±0.043) mg/L respectively in shallow well water,the vitamin C in the health adults'serum in summer was(5.74±2.79)mg/L.Conclusion It can be seen that the history of viral hepatitis type B,kinsfolk tumor,eating salting or mildewed foods,cirrhosis,addicted to drink;higher content of nitrate and nitrite in the drinking water and strong carcinogens such as volatility N-nitroso compound in the meal,and also lackingprotection factors such as vitamin C are the risk factors of the Wuwei city resident who with liver cancer,Theinherit susceptivity is the internal environment of resulting cancer change.

Objective To investigate the roles of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and ovary steroids in regulation of human endometrial stroma cell (ESC) decidualization Methods Stroma cells derived from human endometrium during the proliferative phase were cultured in vitro and treated with physiological doses of estradiol (E 2), testosterone (T),progesterone(P) or LHRH, FSH and hCG Their morphologic changes and prolactin (PRL) production in the media were examined and compared Results Addition of E 2 or T or P stimulated ESC proliferation, resulting in increase of the saturation density The fibroblast morphologic changes to polygonal shape and began to express PRL simutaneously after treatment of P or T P in presence of E 2 or T significantly enhanced PRL production( P

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop nursing practice guidelines for water treatment system used in hemodialysis and to evaluate the guidelines by applying them in practice. METHOD: The first draft for the guidelines was developed based on advice and recommendations obtained from procedure review of critical literature. The draft was modified through evaluation by an expert group and pilot application to practice. The final draft was evaluated by the expert group using the AGREE instrument (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation). RESULTS: For the pilot test using the draft guidelines, 144 samples were collected from the water treatment system and hemodialysis machines. Results showed no bacteria. Endotoxin tests and chemical tests passed the criteria. After revision of the draft guidelines and additions to the draft guidelines, the final draft was confirmed. The quality of the final draft was evaluated by 4 experts using the AGREE instrument. The mean standard score was 76.9% for the 19 items. CONCLUSION: The clinical guidelines developed in this research can be utilized as systematic and scientific guidelines for water treatment systems used in hemodialysis. In addition, the results of the research can contribute to improving care services.
Bacteria ; Hemodiafiltration ; Renal Dialysis ; Water ; Water Purification ; Water Supply

Through the sexual activity test in Drosophila melanogaster,the antistress test in mice,the influence on sexual gland development of young mice model with yang-deficiency and the Vc content of adrenal gland in rats, the kidney reinforcing and kidney-yang invigorating action of Shen'ebutin oral liquid(SBOL)was evaluated and compared with Guilinji(GLJ),a traditional tonic prescription recorded in Chinese pharmacopocia(1990 edition).The results showed that the therapeutic effects of SBOL were evident and were stronger than GLJ in some aspects.

Objective To study effects of GDNF and HSV GDNF on apoptosis of spinal cord motoneurons after scratch injury in vitro. Methods In the period of culture cell,motor neurons were periodically observed and counted.Scratch injury was executed on culturing 12th day,in the same time,cultured neurons were divided into 4 groups,and each group was given corresponding medium(medium serum free control group,serum group,HSV GDNF group,GDNF group).On the 4th and 7th day after scratch injury,TUNEL staining was respectively performed,and the number and the mean densities of apoptotic motoneurons were observed. Results The number of living motoneurons was in inverse proportion to time of scratch injury in each group.The number of apoptotic motoneurons from control group,HSV GDNF group to GDNF group was successively decreased as well as the mean densities of apoptotic motoneurons on the 4th and 7th day after scratch injury.Furthermore,the effects of groups with serum were no better than those of medium serum free groups,in the same time,difference was not obviously in HSV GDNF group and GDNF group. Conclusion GDNF and HSV GDNF can decrease apoptosis of injured motoneurons in vitro .It suggests that GDNF and HSV GDNF might play an important role in the growth and development of motor neurons.

A cross sectional study of 769 patients was performed to evaluate the association of blood uric acid with coronary heart disease (CHD) in different metabolic disorders. It showed that uric acid was not independently associated with CHD. However, when the other abnormal metabolic factors were absent, uric acid might be related to CHD.