This study was conducted to investigate food and meal preference of workers (435 male and 212 female) in the Chonnam Yeosu industrial area. The results of the survey were analyzed by principal components analysis. The results were obtained as follows: 19.3% of the subjects were twenties, 28.3% were thirties, 28.8% were forties and 23.7% were fifties. Females liked rice rolled in dried laver, rice cakes, janchi-noodle and breads, on the other hand males liked thick beef soup, loach soup, an eel stew and soju. The young liked instant noodles, fried chicken, sweet and sour pork, pork cutlet, pizza, hamburger, ham, sausage and fruit beverage, on the other hand the old liked a fish pot stew, loach soup, eel stew, fish boiled in soy with spices, panfried fish, sea slug, ascidian, bunder, green laver and boiled burdock-lotus root in soy. Females who are young liked hamburger and sweet and sour pork whereas males who are young liked instant noodles, pork cutlet, ham, sausage and fruit beverage. Aged females liked fish boiled in soy with spices, panfried fish, bunder, green laver, boiled burdock-lotus root in soy whereas aged males liked a fish pot stew, loach soup, eel stew, sea mussel and oysters. Boiled rice was located within the middle irrespective of age and sex, but noodles, wheat flour meal, fast foods and fruits were situated at the young female side. Aged males liked soup and pot stew. Young males liked meats and eggs whereas fish and shellfish and kimch were located at the aged people side. Aged females liked sea weeds and most people disliked vegetables but females liked some vegetables irrespective of age. Processed foods, salted foods, and alcohol were generally disliked foods by subjects but males liked those foods. Soybean curd was liked more males than females, and teas, except coffee, was liked by males.
Aged ; Beverages ; Bivalvia ; Bread ; Chickens ; Coffee ; Eels ; Eggs ; Fast Foods ; Female ; Flour ; Fruit ; Gastropoda ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Meat ; Ostreidae ; Ovum ; Shellfish ; Soybeans ; Spices ; Tea ; Triticum ; Urochordata ; Vegetables

This study examined burdens of primary family carcgivcrs of paticnto with cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) along with related factors. In addition, their needs for support group intervention were assessed to develop a support group to reduce the burdens of caregiving. Eighty-one primary family caregivers of patients with CVAs at a general hospital in Seoul participated in this study . The patients with CVAs aged from 26 to 83 years with mean age of 63 years. About 90% of the patients had some paralysis and 56.6% suffered speech problems. Fifty-eight percent of the primary family caregivers were spouses of the patients and 80.2% were women. Primary family caregivers' burdens were assessed by the Burden Scale originally devel oped by Zarit (1980) and Novak & Geust(1989) and modified by Jang (1995) for use in Korea. The instrument consists of six subscales time-dependent burden, developmental burden, physical burden, emotional burden, social burden, and financiaI burden. The results were as follows : 1. The average of burden score was 91.7, indicating moderate to severe level of burden. The time-dependent burden was scored highest followed by physical, developmental, social, financial, and emotional burdens. 2. of the characteristics of patients, age, gender, and severity of the disease were found to be associated with the level of burden. Of the characteristics of primary family caregivers, age and educational level were significantly related to the level of burden. Time of care since the CVA and the quality of relationship between a patient and a caregiver prior to the stroke were significant situational factors affecting the level of burden. 3. The need for support group intervention for the caregivero was very high (95.1%). The earcgivcrs of patients who had a CVA for the first time showed higher levels of need compared to those of patients who had a CVA more than once. The caregivers indicated a support group held once a month near home or hospital would be welcomed. In addition, they replied that a group composed of 9 to 10 caregivers and guided by health care professionals (e.g., physicians and nurses) would be most desirable. More than 85% of the earegivers identified the areas that they wanted intervention in as follows : knowledge, skills, and resources to care for a patient with a CVA. the counsel of health care professionals, share of their experiences with those who have similar situations, stress management skills, and methods to overcome emotional isolation due to the great responsibility for a patient. Given the results, support group is expected to be an effective way to reduce the burdens of primary family caregivers of patients with CVAs. As a follow up It is necessary to examine the effect of support group intervention on the patient's recovery and rehabilitation.
Caregivers* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Korea ; Paralysis ; Rehabilitation ; Self-Help Groups* ; Seoul ; Spouses ; Stroke*

No abstract available.
Blood Flow Velocity* ; Ductus Arteriosus* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Ultrasonography*

This study aims to find factors that affect variations in cesarean section frequency rates among OBGY clinics in Metropolitan areas. The factors include patient, medical supplier characteristics and economic factors. This study is a cross-sectional analysis using health insurance delivery claims from July to December 2000 and files of the NHIC(national health insurance corporation). Multiple regression was used to analyze the dependent variable of cesarean section frequency rate at each clinic. The results are as follows : Cesarean section frequency rate is increasing in proportion to the number of the following patients : repeated caesarean section, disproportion, obstructed labour, fetal distress, emergency caesarean section and self-employed patients. There are geographic variations as well. Cesarean section frequency rates are higher in Inchon and Gyonggi province than in Seoul. The higher number of total delivery the clinic has, the lower rate of cesarean section it has. Clinics with high frequency rates in 1999 showed higher rates the next year. Further research is required to develop evidence based delivery modes and change strategies for increasing normal delivery and activating midwife clinics.
Cesarean Section* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Emergencies ; Female ; Fetal Distress ; Humans ; Incheon ; Insurance, Health ; Midwifery ; Pregnancy ; Seoul ; Small-Area Analysis

Objective To investigate the widespread of the liver cancer risk factors in Wuwei city,where low-incidence for liver cancer and offer the cause clue to first-level prevention. Methods Investigate the risk factor and family history of the Wuwei city resident who wlth liver cancer by using case-control study.Estimate the liver cancer heredity mode with the method of Penrose and simple segregation analysis,calculate the degree of heritability with the metllod of Falconer,s regression.Detect the content of the resulting and promoting cancer fungi,volatility N-second nitroso compound in the meal,nitrate and nitrite in the drinking water and the vitamin C in the health adults'serum by means of culturing appraisement,experiment examination etc.Results The risk factom of liver cancer in the Wuwei city were history of viral 'hepatitis type B,kinsfolk tumor,the eating salting or mildewed foods,cirrhosis,drinking surface water,well water,or wine.By using segregation analysis and estimation of heredity mode show that the morbidity of liver cancer discrepancy to the monogenic inheritance mode,maybe the polygenic inheritance mode in Wuwei city.The h~2 of index case first degree relative was 58.74%.Picking out 8 kinds of nitrosamine,14 kinds of resulting and promoting cancer fungi from resident meal.The content of nitrate and nitrite was (38.97±3.14) mg/L,(0.086±0.043) mg/L respectively in shallow well water,the vitamin C in the health adults'serum in summer was(5.74±2.79)mg/L.Conclusion It can be seen that the history of viral hepatitis type B,kinsfolk tumor,eating salting or mildewed foods,cirrhosis,addicted to drink;higher content of nitrate and nitrite in the drinking water and strong carcinogens such as volatility N-nitroso compound in the meal,and also lackingprotection factors such as vitamin C are the risk factors of the Wuwei city resident who with liver cancer,Theinherit susceptivity is the internal environment of resulting cancer change.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of eight heavy metal elements ofPb,Cd,As,Hg,Co,V,Se,Mo in iron dextran by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).Method Through selection of detection wavelengths,optimization of instrument parameters,correction of spectral interference,verification of ionization interference and investigation of suppression methods,the eight heavy metal elements were analyzed by ICP-OES.Results The recovery rate of the detected elements increased 5％ to 10％ by suppression of ionization interference.The accuracy of the method was good.The spiked recovery rates of the detected elements were from 95.7％ to 101.1％.The precision of the method were good (RSD ＜ 3.6％,n =6).The linearities of the detected elements were good,and the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.999.The detection limits were from 0.15 to 8.09 ng/mL.The quantization limits were from 0.46 to 24.26 ng/mL.Conclusion The method was accurate,sensitivity,rapid and reliable,which can be applied to the determination of contents of eight heavy metal elements in iron dextran.

Objective To explore the differences in mental health self-help status of empty-nesters between urban and rural areas for providing the basis and strategies in mental health self-help and promoting development of the self-help potential.Methods Inner Mongolia Chifeng district,441 cases of urban and rural empty-nesters was valuated with the mental health questionnaire.Results Urban empty-nesters were higher than the ratio of rural empty-nester on the aspects of residential satisfaction,participating in activities,talking about their problems in families,communicating health informations and seeking professional help,x2=8.193,15.930,6.500,13.089,18.857,P ＜ 0.05.Urban empty-nesters were lower than the ratio of rural empty-nester on the aspects of feeling helpless and hiding bad mood,x2=9.930,14.873,P ＜ 0.05.The awareness on mental health knowledge was in low level for both urban and rural areas(17.11％,32/187 and 9.55％,19/199).Conclusions Both urban and rural empty-nesters were in bad conditions of mental health self-help ability,especially for rural empty-nesters.The awareness rate of knowledge on mental health is in highly need.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of eight heavy metal elements (Pb,Cd,As,Hg,Co,V,Se,and Mo) in iron dextran by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).Methods Through detection wavelength selection,optimization of instrument parameters and applying interference element correction (IEC) method to correction of spectral interference,the eight heavy metal elements were analyzed by ICP-OES.Results The elements recoveries were from 88.7％ to 101.3％ by correction of spectral interference with IEC method.The accuracy of the method was good.The linearities of the detected elements were good,and the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.999.The detection limits were from 0.12 to 7.26 ng/rnL.The quantization limits were from 0.40 to 23.96 ng/mL.The precision of the method was good (RSD＜3.5％,n=6).Conclusion The results of the spectral interference correction by IEC method are greatly superior to the results of conventional method.The established method is accurate,sensitive,and rapid,which can be applied to the determination of contents of eight heavy metal elements in iron dextran.

Objective:To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 8 heavy metal elements Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Co, V, Se and Mo in iron dextran by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry ( ICP-OES) . Methods:Through the detec-tion wavelength selection,the detection wavelength was confirmed as follows:220. 353 nm for Pb, 228. 802 nm for Cd, 188. 980 nm for As, 194. 164 nm for Hg, 228. 615 nm for Co, 311. 070 nm for V, 196. 026 nm for Se and 204. 598 nm for Mo. Through optimizing the instrument parameters, the optimal radio frequency power was 1. 3 kW, the nebulizer gas flow rate was 0. 7 L·min-1, and the pump speed was 10 r·min-1. By applying the above detection parameters, the 8 heavy metal elements were analyzed by ICP-OES simultaneously. Results: The linearity of the detected elements was good, and the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0. 9990. The detection limits were from 0. 12 to 7. 26 ng·ml-1 , the quantitation limits were from 0. 40 to 23. 96 ng·ml-1 and the recoveries were from 94. 1% to 103. 4% (RSD<3%, n=9). Conclusion: The method is specific, sensitive, rapid and accurate, which can be applied in the simultaneous determination of 8 heavy metal elements in iron dextran.

Objective To compare the dissolution curves of reference preparation and self-prepared Iloperidone Tablets in four different pH dissolution media (0.1 mol/L HC1 solution,pH 4.5 acetate buffer solution,pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution,and water).Methods The solubility of Iloperidone in different pH solutions was measured,the dissolution curves of two preparations in four different pH dissolution media were determined by HPLC,and the similarity was investigated according to the f2 factor method.Results The f2 factors between reference preparation and self-prepared Iloperidone Tablets in four different media were more than 50.Conclusion The two preparations are equivalent in four different pH dissolution media in vitro.