The vanilloid receptor TRPV1 has been suggested to play an important role in thermal nociception and inflammatory hyperalgesia. In our previous study, we examined the expression of TRPV1 and colocalization of TRPV1 with substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) through fluorescence immunocytochemistry. Here, we investigated ultrastructural characteristics of TRPV1 immunoreactive fibers in the human tooth pulp through preembedding immunocytochemistry. TRPV1 immunoreactivity was present in the unmyelinated nerve fibers in the tooth pulp. There were two types of TRPV1 IR nerve fibers identified in the human tooth pulp: one containing clear round vesicles and many dense-cored vesicles, the other containing clear round vesicles and few dense-cored vesicles. TRPV1 immunoreactive fibers were constant in diameter without swellings along the length. Boutons en passant and boutons terminaux usually observed in the CNS were not observed in the TRPV1 immunoreactive fibers. Many vesicles were accumulated in the TRPV1 immunoreactive fibers, however synaptic structure was not found. It is known that dense-cored vesicles contain neuropeptides such as SP and CGRP and clear round vesicles contain neurotransmitter such as glutamate. Taken together, our results suggest that TRPV1 immunoreactive fibers showing distinct ultrastructructural features may be involved in inflammatory hyperalgesia and thermal nociception in the tooth pulp.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide ; Fluorescence ; Glutamic Acid ; Humans* ; Hyperalgesia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nerve Fibers ; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated ; Neuropeptides ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Nociception ; Substance P ; Tooth*

To analyze the developmental changes in soma diameters of digastric motoneurons, wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into the digastric muscle and visualized the retrogradely HRP-labeled motoneurons through tungstate/tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and following diaminobenzidine (DAB) reactions. The results obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats at postnatal days 1 (P1), 10 (P10) and 30 (P30) indicated as follows: firstly, soma diameters of digastric motoneurons showed unimodal distribution in all postnatal days examined; secondly, the period of P1 to P10 (period 1) showed about 2 times faster growth rate than that of P10 to P30 (period 2); thirdly, the smallest soma examined in each postnatal day exhibited slower growth rate with that of the largest one (increase ratio in soma diameters from P1 to P30, smallest vs. largest =1.62 : 1.93); Finally, relative growth rates a day showed again that period 1 had faster growth rate than that of period 2. Consequently, developmental changes in soma diameters of digastric motoneurons resulted in very different growth rates between both periods. This implies that the growth of the soma is almost completing within P10 and thereafter growing slowly. The period 1 and 2 are corresponding to sucking and sucking/masticatory period, respectively. Therefore present study providing morphological changes in soma diameters of digastric motoneurons suggests that both periods and their different growth rates of the motoneurons in each period may closely be related with each other.
Animals ; Carisoprodol* ; Horseradish Peroxidase ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

BACKGROUND: Quality-of-life measurement represents an important tool for evaluating the management and impact of headache on individuals and society. The Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) is a simple instrument developed to assess headache-related disability in Western countries. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Korean HIT-6. METHODS: Participants were recruited from patients who visited the Neurology Clinic of Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital due to headache. The survey included the SF-36 and HIT-6. Headache diagnosis was assigned using ICHD-II after completing a semistructured diagnostic interview. RESULTS: A total of 43 patients were recruited, who were aged 35.2+/-13.6 years (mean+/-SD). Thirty-three and three were diagnosed as having migraine and probable migraine, respectively. Eight and two were diagnosed with tension-type and probable tension-type headache, respectively. There was a negative correlation between the total SF-36 and HIT-6 scores (Spearman's correlation coefficient=-0.64, p<0.01). Similar significant negative correlations were also observed between SF-36 physical health summary and HIT-6 scores (Spearman's correlation coefficient=-0.54, p<0.01), and between SF-36 mental summary and HIT-6 scores (Spearman's correlation coefficient=-0.60, p<0.01). The Cronbach's alpha of HIT-6 was 0.85. CONCLUSIONS: The Korean HIT-6 is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing headache-related quality of life.
Aged ; Headache ; Heart ; Humans ; Migraine Disorders ; Neurology ; Quality of Life ; Reproducibility of Results ; Tension-Type Headache

BACKGROUND: Migraine can cause suffering and reduce functioning and productivity. Migraine is usually suboptimally treated, with many migraineurs not being satisfied with the applied acute treatment. Migraine-ACT is a four-item assessment tool used by clinicians to identify patients who require a change in their acute treatment. The objective of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Korean Migraine-ACT. METHODS: Participants who visited Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital neurology clinic for headache were recruited. The survey employed SF-36, HIT-6, and Migraine-ACT. Headache diagnosis was assigned on ICHD-II after completing a semistructured diagnostic interview. RESULTS: A total of 52 migraine patients aged 38.7+/-14.7 years (mean+/-SD) were recruited. There was a positive correlation between general summary scores on SF-36 and Migraine-ACT (Spearman's correlation coefficient=0.39, p<0.05) and a negative correlation between HIT-6 scores and Migraine-ACT scores (Spearman's correlation coefficient=.0.52, p<0.05). Cronbach's alpha of Migraine-ACT was 0.78. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that Korean Migraine-ACT is a valid and reliable instrument to identify migraine patients who require a change in their acute treatment.
Aged ; Efficiency ; Headache ; Heart ; Humans ; Migraine Disorders ; Neurology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Stress, Psychological

BACKGROUND: The incidence of tetanus in adults and neonatal tetanus have been markedly reduced by world-wide use of DTP vaccines. But, tetanus is still one kind of major health problems in many developing countries, and several serosurvey stduies in developed countries revealed that substantial proportions of adult population may lack immunity against tetanus and immunity level against tetanus is continuously decreasing by age. In Korea, tetanus outbreaks have been disappeared since the 1980s by high acceptant DTaP vaccination rates. Annually, few tetanus patient has been reported since 1990s. But, there have been no seroepidemiological studies to tetanus, no trials to assess tetanus immunizations. And we do not use Td vaccine in adults for maintaning tetanus immunity. In this aspect, we conducted age related survey of immunity to tetanus and indirectly assessed the immunogenecity of tetanus vaccines, used in Korea. METHODS: For the evaluation of age related serosurvey of tetanus immunity in Korean population, study subjects were classified into 16 groups (A~J group; below 10 years with one year interval, K~O group; 11~60 yrs with 10 years interval, P group; over 60 yrs). The numbers of each group were 100, and sex distributions of each group were almostly equal. And for the indirect assessment of tetanus immunization in Korean children, children under 15 years old age were classified into 6 groups (I~VI) according to the status of DTaP vaccination. The numbers of this each group were 50, and sex ratio was almostly equal. Specific IgG antibody to tetanus toxin were detected by ELISA. And the ANOVA repeated t-test was used to compare antibody levels in study groups. RESULTS: In age related groups, the antibody levels to tetanus toxin were well maintained until 20 years old age group (L group), but thereafter the titers abruptly decreased below 0.1 IU/mL and over 75% populations among the groups over 30 years old age needed maintenance of protective immunity to tetanus. The antibody level of male was statistically higher than that of female in P group. In the groups related DTaP vaccination status, the antibody titer was very low in prevaccination group (I), but the titers after primary vaccinations were sharply increased and highly maintained until 15 years. CONCLUSOIN: The results of our study revealed that the immunity to tetanus was dramatically decreased in age groups over 30 years old. This result indicates that Td vaccination program in adults should be considered for maintenance of immunity to tetanus. And our study indicate that DTaP vaccination programs and vaccines, used in Korea, are effective for acquisition and maintenance of tetanus immunity in Korean children.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulin G ; Incidence ; Korea ; Male ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Sex Distribution ; Sex Ratio ; Tetanus Toxin ; Tetanus* ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pneumococcal nasal carriage and confirm the distribution of pneumococcal capsular serotypes in Korean children below aged 5 years old. Another reason this study was performed was to identify the theoretical coverage by seven valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine, and confirm the penicillin resistant rate. METHODS: This study included 213 children, who visited out patient clinic or were hospitalized in six hospitals between August 2001 and April 2002. Nasopharyngeal swabs and cultures for S. pneumoniae were performed. Serotyping of isolated samples was performed by the Quellung reaction at the Statens Seruminstitut in Copenhagen. Penicillin MICs were determined by the agar dilution method, and interpreted according to the NCCLS guide line. RESULTS: The prevalence of pneumococcal nasal carriage rate in this study was 34.3%. A total of 31 of 73 isolates(42.5%) had intermediate resistance to penicillin, and 29 of 73 isolates(39.7%) showed a high resistance to penicillin. The predominant serotype of the S. pneumoniae isolates was 23F(22%), and the percentages of vaccine serotypes(46.6%) and associated serotypes(37%) which belong to the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine were 83.6%. The resistance pattern of pneumococcal isolates to penicillin was different among the serotypes. CONCLUSION: Pneumococcal isolates from nasal colonization of Korean children showed a high penicillin resistant rate. We assumed that newly developed seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine may offer a high theoretical coverage for the isolated strains.
Agar ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Colon ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Humans ; Penicillin Resistance ; Penicillins ; Pneumonia ; Prevalence ; Serotyping

BACKGROUND: The incidence of diphtheria has been markedly reduced and almostly eradicated by widespread use of DTP vaccines in developed countries. However, outbreaks of this disease may be occurred under some circumstances of ineffective immunization. In recent time, some studies reported persistent outbreaks of diphtheria in developed countries and indicated the existence of a large pool of susceptible individuals with potential for epidemic infection. In Korea, diphtheria vaccination has been well maintained since 1956 with high acceptant vaccination rates. So, there has been no reported diphtheria patient since 1987. But, there has been few study to diphtheria serosuvey, and no assessment of diphtheria immunization. Also, we do not use Td vaccine in adults for maintenance of diphtheria immunity. In this aspect, we conducted age related seroepidemiology of diphtheria and indirectly assessed the immunity of diphtheria vaccines, used in Korea. METHODS: For the evaluation of age related serosurvey of diphtheria immunity in Korean populations, study subjects below 10 years old aged children were classified into 10 groups (A~J) with one year interval, and beyond this age to 60 years old aged adults were classified into 5 group (K~O) with 10 years interval. And the adults over 60 years old age was classified into the last group (P). The numbers of each group were 100, and sex distributions of each group were almostly equal. And for the indirect assessment of diphtheria immunization in Korean children, children under 15 years old were classified into 6 groups (I~ VI) according to the status of DTaP vaccination. The numbers of this each group were 30, and sex ratio was almostly equal. Detection of specific IgG antibody to diphtheria toxin were determined by ELISA (contained fragment A & B toxin; IBL, Germany). RESULTS: In age related groups, the antibody titers to diphtheria toxin were well maintained until 10 years old age group, thereafter the titers abruptly decreased below 0.1 IU/mL and then slightly elevated after 30 years old age group and then maintained with low levels. In the groups related DTaP vaccine status, the antibody titers were very low (below 0.07 IU/mL) in prevaccination status, but the titers after primary vaccinations were markedly increased and maintained (above 0.6 IU/mL) until 15 years. And diphtheria antitoxin levels in the groups (L, M, N) showed no significant differences between males and females. CONCLUSION: The results of our study showed that the antibody titers to diphtheria toxin in the 20~50 years old aged groups dramatically decreased. This result indicated that vaccine induced diphtheria immunity did not last throughout life, and Td vaccination program in adults should be considered for maintenance of diphtheria immunity. And the immunity to diphtheria in Korean children indicated that 3 timesprimary and 2 times booster diphtheria immunizations were optimal.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Developed Countries ; Diphtheria Antitoxin ; Diphtheria Toxin ; Diphtheria* ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulin G ; Incidence ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Seroepidemiologic Studies* ; Sex Distribution ; Sex Ratio ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

PURPOSE: S. pneumoniae is one of major pathogens of community-acquired respiratory infections. The rate of antibiotic resistance to this organism has increased, and resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents in a single strain of S. pneumoniae may compromise the efficacy of empiric antimicrobial treatment commonly used for respiratory infections. We did this study to find out the penicillin resistant distributions and oral antibiotics susceptibility patterns against S. pneumoniae, isolated from pediatric patients with community-acquired respiratory infections in Korea. METHODS: One hundred fifty six pneumococcal isolates obtained from pediatric patients with community-acquired respiratory infections such as acute otitis media(AOM), sinusitis and pneumonia between May 2000 to June 2003. And MICs of penicillin and oral antibiotics(amoxicillin, amoxicillin- clavulanate, cefaclor) were performed by broth microdilution methods according to the NCCLS(2003a). RESULTS: Seventy eight percent of the isolates were resistant to penicillin. The isolates, collected from AOM patients showed the highest penicillin resistance(92.7%). The resistant rates of amoxicillin (16.7%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate(9.6%), based on susceptibility breakpoints established by the NCCLS, were markedly lower than these of penicillin. But, the resistant rate of cefaclor was very high, above 95%. CONCLUSION: We concluded that pneumococci isolated from study cases may be one of the world's highest penicillin resistant rates. But, amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate can be used as a first- line antibiotics. Finally, we hope that a continuous surveillance study to monitor resistant patterns of pneumococcal respiratory infections will be needed for the standard guidelines of empiric antibiotic treatment.
Amoxicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Cefaclor ; Clavulanic Acid ; Community-Acquired Infections ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Hope ; Humans ; Korea* ; Otitis ; Penicillin Resistance ; Penicillins* ; Pneumonia ; Respiratory Tract Infections* ; Sinusitis ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus*

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of Td booster immunization in early preadolescents of Korea. METHODS: Healthy preadolescents, who had been vaccinated with 4 or 5 doses of DTaP vaccines until 6 years old age, were enrolled in this study from August 2006 to April 2007 . Diphtheria and tetanus anti-toxoid antibodies in sera were measured by ELISA just before vaccination and 4 weeks after vaccination to evaluate immunogenicity. Local and systemic adverse reactions observed for 4 weeks after vaccination to access reactogenicity. RESULTS: 183 preadolescents were enrolled and mean age was 11.40+/-0.51 years old. All subjects achieved seroprotective diphtheria and tetanus anti-toxoid antibodies (titers > or =0.1 IU/mL) after Td booster vaccination. Among 183 vaccinees, 73.8% showed local adverse reactions and 37.2% systemic adverse reactions. Pain at injection site (66.1%) was the most common local reaction, and the most commonly shown systemic reaction was myalgia (17.5%). The adverse reactions were spontaneously relieved within three days after vaccination. CONCLUSION: Td vaccine in this study was high immunogenic and showed an acceptable tolerance in Korean preadolescents. Td booster vaccination at 11 -12 years old is the most effective method to increase compliance of the vaccination and to decrease the incidence of diphtheria and tetanus.
Aged ; Antibodies ; Compliance ; Diphtheria ; Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization, Secondary ; Incidence ; Korea ; Tetanus ; Vaccination

OBJECTIVES: he purpose of this study was to examine psychosocial factors related to burnout of social welfare officers working in Jeonnam Province.METHODS: A total of 395 social welfare officers (male 99, female 296) working in 22 areas of Jeollanam-do province, were subjects of this study. We examined socio-demographic factors, using a self-reporting questionnaire. Subjects were asked to complete the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSS), to assess psychosocial factors affecting to burnout of social welfare officers.RESULTS: Among 395 subjects, 221 (55.9%) reported recent experiences of burnout. There was no significant difference in age between two groups, divided by burnout. Sex (p < 0.001), rank (p=0.003), working period (p=0.034), depression (p < 0.001) revealed differences between the burnout group and control group. Scores of PSS (p < 0.001) were higher, while the scores of GSS (p < 0.001) were lower in the burnout group, than control group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that female (OR 2.840, 95%CI 1.466–5.504, p=0.002), depressive high-risk group (OR 6.824, 95%CI 2.893–16.096, p < 0.001) PSS (OR 1.247, 95%CI 1.153–1.349, p < 0.001) and GSS (OR 0.950, 95%CI 0.930–0.971, p < 0.001), were significantly associated with burnout.CONCLUSION: We found that some factors, were associated with experienced burnout in social welfare officers. Depressive symptoms were the strongest associative factor, for burnout in public servants in charge of social welfare. Sex, stress and self-efficacy also correlated with burnout, and especially self-efficacy was a protecting factor.
Depression ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do ; Logistic Models ; Psychology ; Social Welfare