No abstract available.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia* ; Colposcopy* ; Conization*

No abstract available.
Balloon Valvuloplasty* ; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis* ; Pulmonary Valve*

No abstract available.
Scimitar Syndrome*

Obesity is a chronic relapsing disease associated with cardiovascular disease and cancer with a growing incidence. Since obesity is a complex disease that is affected by a variety of factors, including social, cultural, and environmental factors, it should be approached by establishing an integrated and comprehensive treatment strategy. It is difficult to achieve a sufficient amount of weight loss in most obese patients through lifestyle interventions alone, so pharmacotherapy in primary care should be actively considered as an additional treatment. Currently, there are four drugs that can be used for long-term weight management in Korea: orlistat, naltrexone/bupropion, phentermine/topiramate, and liraglutide. Sympathomimetics, such as phentermine, diethylpropion, phendimetrazine, and mazindol, can only be used for short-term treatment. These drugs can induce weight loss by suppressing appetite or inhibiting fat absorption in the gut. The prescription of such drug treatments should be based on evidence-based clinical care and tailored to the patient. Patient-tailored obesity drug treatments should be performed taking into consideration the advantages, side effects, and safety issues of each drug. Considering that obesity is a chronic disease that must be controlled for a lifetime, obese patients should be guided by clinicians to maintain their weight sustainably by setting common and realistic goals.

PURPOSE: We studied the role of the muscarinic receptor subtype on the urothelium and detrusor activity in rats with detrusor overactivity induced by bladder outlet obstruction(BOO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. They were divided into 15 controls and 25 experimental rats. Partial BOO was induced for 3 weeks and a sham operation was performed on the control group animals. A cystometrogram(CMG) was performed in 20 BOO and 10 control rats. During the CMG, M2 selective muscarinic receptor antagonist(methoctramine) and nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist(tolterodine) drugs were administrated intravesically. The contraction intervals and pressure were evaluated. Bladder muscle strips were prepared from five BOO and five control rats. The contractile responses were evaluated at 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-, and 32Hz field stimulation in the control and BOO groups and after administration of the methoctramine and tolterodine. RESULTS: The results of the CMG showed that the rats in the BOO group had a decreased contraction interval and increased contraction pressure compared to the control group(p<0.05). The contraction intervals were increased after intravesical administration of methoctramine and tolterodine compared to the BOO group(p<0.05). However, the contraction pressures were similar among the methoctramine, tolterodine and BOO groups. For the muscle strip study, the BOO group demonstrated increased contractile responses compared to the control group(p<0.05). However, the contractile responses were decreased after administration of methoctramine(only in 32Hz) and tolterodine(p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that detrusor overactivity induced by BOO in rats is primarily mediated by M3 muscarinic receptors in the detrusor muscle, and by M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the urothelium.
Administration, Intravesical ; Animals ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Muscarinic* ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction* ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive ; Urothelium

BACKGROUND: Policy-makers are required to know the current patterns of resource use and the costs of stroke. However, the scientific evidence, on which health policy-making can be based, is not sufficient. Our study aimed to investigate resource utilization and costs during the one year after stroke. METHODS: Among patients with acute ischemic stroke (7 days from onset) who were admitted from July of 2001 to July of 2002, 223 were interviewed one year after the onset of stroke through a home visit by an experienced research nurse. Resource utilization and related costs were investigated. RESULTS: The average length of stay was 25 days. The average first inpatients costs was won 2, 230, 000. After discharge, the average outpatient visit was 22 days. The average expenditure per patient during the one year from onset of stroke was won 5, 235, 000. The hospital charge was 59% of the total cost, the cost for hiring a care-giver was 14%, and the fee for the outpatient clinic was 13%. Thirty-nine percent (won 2, 051, 000) of the total expenditure was consumed in the first month, 12% was in the second, 8% was in the third, and around 5% monthly was after 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first one to investigate the resource utilization and the related costs in stroke patients in Korea. The results of this study should not be generalized to all Korean stroke patients, but this study may serve as a reference for inferring the real status in Korea and may be a starting point for further nationwide resource utilization and costs studies.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Fees and Charges ; Health Expenditures ; Hospital Charges ; House Calls ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Length of Stay ; Outpatients ; Stroke*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of co-culture with oviductal epithelial cells and Vero cells on mouse embryo. METHOD: For the control group, mouse embryos were cultured alone in Ham's F-10 with 10% FBS. Subcultured oviductal epithelial cell and Vero cell were cocultured in Ham's F-10 with 10% FBS with the mouse embryo and used as the treatment group. Development of mouse embryos were observed. Result: The development rate and hatching rate of embryos that cocultured with oviductal epithelial cell and Vero cell was significantly higher (p<0.05) than control group. When subcultured oviductal epithelial cells were co-cultured with mouse embryo, there was no significant difference in development rate and hatching rate among subculture step. When oviductal epithelial cells that have been frozen-thawed were co-cultured with mouse embryo, there was no significant difference in development rate and hatching rate among subculture step. No statistical significance was seen in the development rate and hatching rate between subcultured oviductal epithelial cells and frozen-thawed oviductal epithelial cells when cocultured with mouse embryo, Vero cells and frozen-thawed when cocultured with mouse embryo, and Vero cells and oviductal epithelial cells when cocultured with mouse embryo. CONCLUSION: Oviductal epithelial cells and Vero cell may have a stimulatory role in early mouse embryonal development compared to control in vitro. As well, there is no significant difference in development rate and hatching rate among subculture step, when early mouse embryo was cocultured with cells that subcultured and frozen-thawed.
Animals ; Coculture Techniques ; Embryonic Structures ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans* ; Mice* ; Oviducts* ; Vero Cells*

Total 87 patients were divided into 4 different dosage and try to observe what was affected to cardiovascular system depends on the increasing the plasma ionized cakium concentration (3% calcium chloride; 4 mg/kg, as its double 8 mg/kg and 10% calcium gluconate; 14 mg/kg, as its double 28 mg/kg). The results were as follows;, 1) Though using double dosage of 3% calcium chloride and 10% calcium gluconate, could not get to increase as double of plasma ionized calcium concentration. 2) Plasma ionized calcium concentration was increased to the highest level on 1 minute after intravenous administration with each dosage and after increasing to highest level was show to be decreased gradually during 30 minutes after injection. 3) Heart rate was decreased until 30 minute after injection with each dosage of 10% calcium gluconate with statistically significancy (p<0.05) but when 3% calcium chloride were used, the change of heart rate following increase of calcium concentration have not any statistically signi- ficancy. 4) When 3% calcium chloride and 10% calcium gluconate were used, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and increasing of plasma ionized calcium concentration have not any statistically signi- ficancy. 5) Changing of cardiac index (CI) following plasma ionized calcium concentration, have only statistically significancy after each dosage of 10% calcium gluconate was injected but each dosage of 3% calcium chloride have not any statistically significancy respectively. With the above results, equivalent dosage of 3% calcium chloride and 10% calcium gluconate were increased as similar change of plasma ionized calcium concentration but 10% calcium gluconate 14 mg/kg, 28 mg/kg are only have statistically significany between the change of PR, CI and increasing plasma ionized calcium concentration (p<0.05).
Administration, Intravenous ; Arterial Pressure ; Calcium Chloride* ; Calcium Gluconate* ; Calcium* ; Cardiovascular System* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous* ; Plasma*

Total 87 patients were divided into 4 different dosage and try to observe what was affected to cardiovascular system depends on the increasing the plasma ionized cakium concentration (3% calcium chloride; 4 mg/kg, as its double 8 mg/kg and 10% calcium gluconate; 14 mg/kg, as its double 28 mg/kg). The results were as follows;, 1) Though using double dosage of 3% calcium chloride and 10% calcium gluconate, could not get to increase as double of plasma ionized calcium concentration. 2) Plasma ionized calcium concentration was increased to the highest level on 1 minute after intravenous administration with each dosage and after increasing to highest level was show to be decreased gradually during 30 minutes after injection. 3) Heart rate was decreased until 30 minute after injection with each dosage of 10% calcium gluconate with statistically significancy (p<0.05) but when 3% calcium chloride were used, the change of heart rate following increase of calcium concentration have not any statistically signi- ficancy. 4) When 3% calcium chloride and 10% calcium gluconate were used, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and increasing of plasma ionized calcium concentration have not any statistically signi- ficancy. 5) Changing of cardiac index (CI) following plasma ionized calcium concentration, have only statistically significancy after each dosage of 10% calcium gluconate was injected but each dosage of 3% calcium chloride have not any statistically significancy respectively. With the above results, equivalent dosage of 3% calcium chloride and 10% calcium gluconate were increased as similar change of plasma ionized calcium concentration but 10% calcium gluconate 14 mg/kg, 28 mg/kg are only have statistically significany between the change of PR, CI and increasing plasma ionized calcium concentration (p<0.05).
Administration, Intravenous ; Arterial Pressure ; Calcium Chloride* ; Calcium Gluconate* ; Calcium* ; Cardiovascular System* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous* ; Plasma*

Imperforate hymen is a rare congenital malformation. Two cases of imperforate hymen regarded to congenital origin, and formed hematocolpometra. In most instances definite finding is noticed after menarche as retention of menstrual flow results in abdominal pain, distension of the lower abdomen and often in acute urinary retention. Two cases of imperforate hymen associated with hematocolpora, hematometra and abdominal distension at age of 14 and 16 were treated satisfactorily by simple crucial incision of hymen, and drained of about 800 cc and 600 cc of tarry blood respectively. We present two cases of imperforate hymen with review of the literatures.
Abdomen ; Abdominal Pain ; Female ; Hematometra ; Hymen* ; Menarche ; Urinary Retention