Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) and the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome are passed down, unaltered, from generation to generation, matrilineally and patrilineally, respectively. Therefore, the Y-chromosome DNA and mtDNA are known as lineage markers, and they play important roles in studies based on human migration and evolutionary history. Y-chromosome DNA is used in forensic analysis to identify individuals involved in cases of sexual assault. In this paper, we review the methods of statistical evaluation of lineage markers used in forensic identification. We also review the combined approach of autosomal and lineage marker evidence.
DNA ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Human Migration ; Y Chromosome

No abstract available.
Thromboangiitis Obliterans*

OBJECTIVES: Hippocampal formation and entorhinal cortex play a part in learning and memory. This study sought to investigate the change of cell-death controlling factors in the hippocampal formation and entorhinal cortex of aged rats. METHODS: Ten aged rats and ten controls were studied. We performed immunocytochemical method using antibodies against NOS, VIP, c-fos , bcl-2, bax and p53 and in situ hybridization. RESULTS: 1) The number of nNOS-immunoreactive(IR) neurons in the entorhinal cortex was significantly decreased in the aged rats(>30%). Morphologically, the number of dendritic branches seemed to be decreased and the length of dendrites showed a tendency to by shortened in the aged group. A major loss of nNOS mRNA positive neurons was observed in the hippocampal formation of the aged rats(>30%). 2) VIP-IR neurons were predominantly bipolar cell. VIP-IR cells were mildly decreased in the hippocampus and subiculum(<15%), and moderately decreased in the dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex of the aged rats(15-30%). The number and length of dendritic branches also appeared to have decreased and shortened in the aged group. 3) c-Fos immunoreactivity at cellular level was restricted only to the nucleus. c-Fos-IR nuclei were moderately decreased in the hippocampus(15-30%), and severely decreased in dentate gyrus, subiculum and entorhinal cortex of the aged rats(>30%). 4) Bcl-2 mRNA positive neurons were moderately decreased in the hippocampus, subiculum and entorhinal cortex(15-30%), and severely decreased in dentate gyrus of the aged rats(>30%). 5) Bax-IR neurons were similarly distributed between the control and the aged rats, but bax-IR neurons of the aged group, as compared to the control group, were weakly immunostained. 6) P53-IR neurons were only observed in hippocampal CA1 region of the aged rats. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the involvement of neuronal system containing NOS, VIP, c-fos, bcl-2 and p53 in the brain aging process, and provide the morphological evidence for the changes in immunoreactivity of cell-death controlling factors in the hippocampal formation and entorhinal cortex of aged rats.
Aging ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Brain ; CA1 Region, Hippocampal ; Dendrites ; Dentate Gyrus ; Entorhinal Cortex* ; Hippocampus* ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; Learning ; Memory ; Neurons ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger

PURPOSE: The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of etched microgrooves on the hydrophilicity of Ti and osteoblast responses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Microgrooves were applied on Ti to have 15 and 60 micrometer width, and 3.5 and 10 micrometer depth by photolithography, respectively. Further acid etching was applied to create Ti surfaces with etched microgrooves. Both smooth- and acid-etched Ti were used as the controls. The hydrophilicity of Ti was analyzed by determining contact angles. Cell proliferation and osteogenic activity of MC3T3 mouse preosteoblasts were analyzed by bromodeoxyuridine assay and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity test, respectively. One-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used for statistics. RESULTS: Etched microgrooves significantly increased the hydrophilicity of Ti compared to the smooth Ti. 60 micrometer-wide etched microgrooves significantly enhanced cell proliferation, whereas the osteogenic activity showed statistically non-significant differences between groups. Result of the osteogenic activity significantly correlated with those of hydrophilicity and cell proliferation. Hydrophilicity was determined to be an influential factor on osteogenic activity. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that increase in hydrophilicity of Ti caused by etched microgrooves acts as an influential factor on osteogenic activity. However, statistically non-significant increase in the ALP activity suggests further investigation.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Animals ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; Cell Proliferation ; Durapatite ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Mice ; Osteoblasts ; Pilot Projects ; Titanium

In order to investigate the occurrence characteristics of cancer in terms of industry in Kwangju-Chonnam area, medical utilization records of industrial medical insurance corporations during the period of 1987 to 1988 were reviewed for the identification of neoplastic disease. The cases obtained from the medical records were followed up for the verification and to get additional information. Standardized incidence data were compared by occupational characteristics. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the difference of incidence or distribution of cancer as a whole or of some selected cancer. Total cases of cancer identified were 242 during the study period. Annual incidence rate was calculated as 123.1 per 100,000 person. The frequent types of cancer were cancers of stomach, liver, lung, colon and rectum, bladder and lymphoma in descending order. Employees of mine and other sand handling industries showed significantly higher risks for cancer of stomach and cancer as a whole. Employees of the transportation industry showed the higher risk for cancer of liver. Workers in small-sized industry (< or = 100) had a higher risk for cancer than who in large-sized industry (>100). These findings suggested the effect of occupational environmental exposure to cancer development.
Colon ; Environmental Exposure ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insurance* ; Liver ; Liver Neoplasms ; Logistic Models ; Lung ; Lymphoma ; Medical Records ; Occupations ; Rectum ; Silicon Dioxide ; Stomach ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Transportation ; Urinary Bladder

OBJECTS: This study was purposed to investigate the relationship between urine HVA and 5-HIAA concentrations and clinical symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. METHODS: 272 patients with chronic schizophrenia, diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria, were performed to measure urine HVA and 5-HIAA concentrations and to evaluate the clinical symptoms by using BPRS, PANSS, YBOCS and HAM-D. RESULTS: Urine HVA and 5-HIAA concentrations showed significant correlation with BPRS, positive scale, negative scale and general psychopathology in PANSS and urine HVA/5-HIAA ratios found no significant correlation. Urine HVA concentrations showed significant correlattion with urine 5-HIAA concentrations and urine HVA/5-HIAA ratios had a negative correlation with urine 5-HIAA concentration. As a result of stepwise multiple regression, urine HVA concentrations were significantly correlated with BPRS and positive scale in PANSS and Urine 5-HIAA concentrations were significantly correlated with BPRS. Urine HVA/5-HIAA ratios had significant correlation with HAM-D and BPRS. CONCLUSION: These findings support the hypothesis that the role of central dopamine and serotonin system and the functional interaction of both neurotransmitters are important to clinical symptom formation of chronic schizophrenia.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Dopamine ; Humans ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid* ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Psychopathology ; Schizophrenia* ; Serotonin

PURPOSE: The present study was designed to understand the conceptual definition and attributes of the clinical critical thinking ability(CCTA) in nursing and to grasp the characteristics of clinical critical thinking abilities. METHODS: The data were analyzed using the Hybrid model of Schwartz-Barcott and Kim(2000). RESULTS: Having the skills and dispositions to think critically, CCTA refers to something that implies the cognizant ability to interpret contextual meanings, analyze the relationships between materials or circumstances, draw out the best conclusions, predict things using relevant information and evaluate the reliability of information and the strength of inference on the one hand and the emphatic disposition to be curious, open-minded, intellectually integral, systematic and creative and to reflect on things in contextual terms on the other. CONCLUSION: CCTA is characterized by clinical circumstances, such as guessing the reasons for facts, predicting things, connecting theory to practice and approaching individual situation in total terms as well as by the Korean circumstances, such as taking another person's perspective. Hence, this study proposes developing the tools to measure the clinical critical thinking ability and the strategies to improve the clinical critical thinking ability and seeking to verify their validity, on the basis of the findings.
Chimera ; Clinical Competence ; Concept Formation ; Hand ; Hand Strength ; Problem Solving ; Thinking

To investigate effects of cytokines on rheumatoid synovial cells, proliferation and expression of cytokine and metalloproteinase genes were studied with the primary culture of rheumatoid synovial cells which was treated with TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, TGF-alpha, PDGF and IL-B. By [3H] thymidine incorporation assay, TGF-beta and PDGF increased proliferation of synovial cells by 1.5 and 2.5 folds respectively. Cytokine gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR. Rheumatoid synovial cells expressed constitutively TGF-beta and IL-B at a high level and IL-1B, GM-CSF, and MIP-1a at a relatively low level. TGF-beta, GM-CSF and PDGF increased IL-B expression. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was increased by GM-CSF and PDGF. Both GM-CSF and PDGF increased the expression of IL-1B, GM-CSF MIP-la and IL-8. In addition, GM-CSF enhanced expression of TNF-alpha. Stromelysin and collagenase are the major proteinases responsible for destruction ot joints in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These genes were expressed constitutivefy in rheumatoid synovial cells. In summary, PDGF and GM-CSF may piay an important role by inducing or increasing expression of IL-1B, TGF-beta and PDGF by increasing proliferation of rheumatoid synovial cells.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Ketotifen, a benzocycloheptathiophene, has an orally effective antiallergic as well as antihistaminic properties. In pervious studies, Ketotifen has shown encouraging results on patient with allergic rhinitis, either perennial or seasonal. 39 patients with allergic rhinitis had been treated with Ketotifen 1 mg twice daily for 8 weeks. And we obtained following results. 1) The efficacy rate in sneezing attack was 73.5%, in nasal discharge 71%, in nasal obstruction 58%. 2) Some improvements in at least one of three-major symptoms were noted within 1 week in 30.7%, within 2 weeks in 55.8%, within 3 weeks in 66.7%, within 8 weeks in 87.2%. 3) Physical findings such as colour, swelling of turbinate, character of rhinorrhea were not improved significantly. 4) Side effect was observed only in one patient with abdominal pain and diarrhea, which was subsided after interruption of administration. These results suggested that Ketotifen was effective in treatment of allergic rhinitis.
Abdominal Pain ; Diarrhea ; Humans ; Ketotifen* ; Nasal Obstruction ; Rhinitis, Allergic* ; Seasons ; Sneezing ; Turbinates

In order to nursing practice of the patient in Oriental medicine, it is suggested that the fundamental recognition of Oriental medicine should be preceded. It is, however, difficult that we comprehend Oriental medicine generally since it is different from Western medicine in the point of th symptom. We have thought that is to be carried out to select and analyze a disease by the sense of Oriental medicine for the establishment of Oriental medical nursing. So we have tried out the analysis of Tae-Yang. In view of the results so far achieved, it has been suggested that Tae-Yang Symptom applies to the first step of Sanghan Yug Kyung Symptom and consists of Palsy, Sanghan, Onbyung, Dropsy, and Congestion. In the Oriental medicine, Tae-yang Symptom is recognized to be concerned with a common cold and the respiratory, renal and hepatic diseases. In the points of Orintal medicine, it is noticed that Tae-Yang Symptom is caused by the wind and cold evil, is related to human resisting force, and is fused with each other. And the treatment of Tae-Yang Symptom is various by the cause and the pathological mechanism. In the points of Western medicine, it is difficult to comprehend that various disease germs revolving each disease are implied by identical symptom. The summary of this study are as follows ; 1. In the outer-caused diseases, so called Tae-Yang Symptom, it is an important index to the patient's resisting force and the type of a disease whether he sweats, chills and the pulse is tense or not. 2. the treatments are various according the body's resisting force and the type of symptoms ; harmonizing Yung & Wee to Weakness of surface, soporifics flourishing of evils, and antifebriles to On-byung. 3. If Tae-Yang Symptom is not cured, it progresses to develop complications ; Dropsy & congestion, the former brings about renal diseases and the latter hepatic diseases. According to the results mentioned above, we have come to the conclusion that the Oriental - medical nursing must emphasis the body's sesiting force and the type of symptoms rather than the name of a disease.
Chills ; Common Cold ; Edema ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Humans ; Medicine, East Asian Traditional ; Nursing* ; Paralysis ; Sweat ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation ; Wind