Glycopyrrolate, a synthetic quarternary ammonium compound, has a similar pharmacologic property to that of scopolamine, a belladonna alkaloid. Since glycopyrrolate, a quarternary ammonium compound, dose not readily cross the blood brain barrier, it has less central effect than that of scopoiamine a tertiary-amine compound. The authors administered a small dose of scopolamine and glycopyrrolate to human volunteers, and examined the effect on the heart rate ofr both drugs. The results were as follows: 1) A small dose of scopolamine(0.1mg) showed significnat decrease in the heart rate. 2) A small dose of gylcopyrrolate(0.1mg) indeced little change in the heart rate. 3) A small dose of gylcopyrrolate(0.1mg), 10minutes after glycopyrrolate(0.1mg), showed marked increase in the heart rate. 4) A small dose of scopolamine(0.1mg), given 10 minutes after glycopyrrolate (0.1mg), showed tendency for decrease in heart kate. 5) A small dose of gylcopyrrolate(0.1mg), 10 minutes afterscopolamine(0.1mg), showed significant increases in the heart rate. 6) Scopolamine induced bradycardia was suppressed by an additional dose of glycopyrrolate and a preceding dose of glycopyrrolate.
Humans

The purpose of the present study lied in examining the incidence, treatment and failure causes of peri-implantitis by analyzing medical charts of those patients who underwent implant placement for the past 2 years. The subjects included those patients who underwent implant placement at the present hospital from January 2001 to December 2002. 3i implants were used for the analysis for the comparison of significance. A total of 301 patients were examined, among whom 102 were females and 199, males. Implants were placed in a total of 578 cases. The number of peri-implantitis was present in a total of 29 cases (21 males and 8 females), giving the incidence at 9.6%. The evidence of peri-implantitis was seen in 60 cases, which was in 10.4% of the patients. Among those cases with peri-implantitis, 28 cases (47%) underwent bone graft and 22 cases (43%) underwent maxillary sinus lift. Furthermore, 4 of these patients had systemic diseases such as diabetes or hypertension. Regular management is important for the preven ion of peri-implantitis. In other words, early prevention through regular follow-ups to check the status of surrounding soft tissue would be needed to maintain implants.
Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Male ; Maxillary Sinus ; Peri-Implantitis* ; Retrospective Studies* ; Transplants

Anacardium ; Capsaicin ; Carcinogens ; Child ; Chronic Disease ; Cicatrix ; Esophagus ; Fibrosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunologic Factors ; Iron ; Mouth Mucosa ; Mouth ; Mucous Membrane ; Pharynx ; Precancerous Conditions ; Skin ; Thigh ; Vitamin B Complex

The mandibular contour determines the shape of the lower part of face and thus influences the appearance of head and neck. A prominent mandibular angle produce characteristic quadriangular, coarse and muscular appearance. To correct this facial contour to oval shape, the prominent angle can be contoured. the cutaneous approach has been used, but it leaves noticeble scar and has risk of facial nerve injury. Thus the intraoral approach has been used commonly. But because of restricition of operation field, the intraoral approach disadvantages of long operation time, high risk of complications. So, we have performed mandibular contouring procedure by new approach which uses reciprocating saw through stab incision under the mandibular body to correct the 9 patients of mandibular angle protrusion who visited our clinics recently. And we found that mandibular angle contouring by this new approach is easy, and makes the operation and recovery time shorter. There were no complications and cosmetic results were quite satisfactory.
Cicatrix ; Facial Nerve Injuries ; Head ; Humans ; Neck

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Infant* ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to develop feasible and detailed infection control guidelines (ICG) and audit protocols for health care workers and auditors in postpartum care centers (PCC). METHODS: PCC ICG and audit protocols were developed in several steps: 1) review of previous ICG for PCCs; 2) establishment of frameworks for updating guidelines and audit protocols; 3) review of new ICG, regulations, etc.; 4) drafting of PCC ICG and audit protocols and revision based on feedback from the research committee; 5) Delphi survey to solicit opinions from infection control, infant care, and maternal care professionals as well as PCC health care workers; 6) re-revision after discussion with the research committee; and 7) finalization of PCC ICG and audit protocols. RESULTS: We developed ICG with 4 categories and 26 sub-categories, and internal and external audit protocols with 163 and 85 items, respectively. CONCLUSION: The ICG and audit protocols are valid and feasible; we recommend their utilization as auditing tools, baseline data for the development of national infection control policies, and as educational materials for PCC healthcare workers.
Checklist ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Care ; Infection Control* ; Postnatal Care* ; Postpartum Period* ; Social Control, Formal

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory responses are key pathological factors in various canine diseases, making the control of inflammatory responses vital for canine health.This study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of rutin on DH82 cells, a type of canine macrophage, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses.MATERIALS/METHODS: The inflammatory in vitro experimental model was established by stimulating canine macrophage DH82 cells with LPS. To evaluate the inflammationpreventative effects of rutin, analyses were conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Rutin inhibited the LPS-induced increase in the protein and gene levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), while antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-10, transforming growth factor-β1) levels remained unchanged.Furthermore, rutin suppressed the LPS-induced activation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in DH82 cells. CONCLUSION Rutin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase-NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in DH82 cells.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory responses are key pathological factors in various canine diseases, making the control of inflammatory responses vital for canine health.This study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of rutin on DH82 cells, a type of canine macrophage, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses.MATERIALS/METHODS: The inflammatory in vitro experimental model was established by stimulating canine macrophage DH82 cells with LPS. To evaluate the inflammationpreventative effects of rutin, analyses were conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Rutin inhibited the LPS-induced increase in the protein and gene levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), while antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-10, transforming growth factor-β1) levels remained unchanged.Furthermore, rutin suppressed the LPS-induced activation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in DH82 cells. CONCLUSION Rutin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase-NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in DH82 cells.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory responses are key pathological factors in various canine diseases, making the control of inflammatory responses vital for canine health.This study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of rutin on DH82 cells, a type of canine macrophage, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses.MATERIALS/METHODS: The inflammatory in vitro experimental model was established by stimulating canine macrophage DH82 cells with LPS. To evaluate the inflammationpreventative effects of rutin, analyses were conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Rutin inhibited the LPS-induced increase in the protein and gene levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), while antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-10, transforming growth factor-β1) levels remained unchanged.Furthermore, rutin suppressed the LPS-induced activation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in DH82 cells. CONCLUSION Rutin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase-NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in DH82 cells.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory responses are key pathological factors in various canine diseases, making the control of inflammatory responses vital for canine health.This study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of rutin on DH82 cells, a type of canine macrophage, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses.MATERIALS/METHODS: The inflammatory in vitro experimental model was established by stimulating canine macrophage DH82 cells with LPS. To evaluate the inflammationpreventative effects of rutin, analyses were conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Rutin inhibited the LPS-induced increase in the protein and gene levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), while antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-10, transforming growth factor-β1) levels remained unchanged.Furthermore, rutin suppressed the LPS-induced activation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in DH82 cells. CONCLUSION Rutin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase-NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in DH82 cells.