With the development of body sensor technology, wearable health monitoring systems have been an emerging information technology in the 'ubiquitous health care' system. Wearable sensors enable long-term continuous physiological monitoring important in health promotion and management of many chronic disorders. In this paper, we present several wearable health monitoring systems developed by different countries and discuss emerging opportunities, as well as, existing challenges such as standardization, administration, validation, and discrepancy issues between technology and clinical implication.
Health Promotion ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Telemedicine

In order to survey the reality of anxiety and depression among the Koreans residing in china, a study was conducted between January and March of 1991, on the residents of Yun-Kil city, with subjects of 472 Koreans and 479 Chinese. The evaluation was based on the questionnaires, named Combined self-rating anxiety depression scale (CADS), distributed among the subjects. ANOVA and t-test were applied for data processing. The results were as follows: There was not significant difference in the mean of total scores between the two groups. The scores of Koreans were 29.70±7.03, while those of Chinese were 29.45±9.01. The score of the CADS above 50 (clinically significant level) was seen in 12 (2.54%) Koreans and 21 (4.38%) Chinese. The anxiety-depression scores relating to the items of indigestion and decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, apprehension, decreased libido were relatively high among the Koreans. The items appeared low in scores among the Koreans were faintness, fear, suicidal rumination, hopelessness, paresthesias. The highs among the Chinese were facial flushing, anxiousness, dissatisfaction, suicidal rumination. The items appeared low among the Chinese were fear, faintness, paresthesias, weight loss, suicidal rumination. In the compatison of evaluation by items between the two groups, the items placing the Koreans significantly higher over the Chinese are indigestion & decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, apprehension, decreased libldo. The Chinese marked significantly higher in facial flushing, anxiousness, dissastisfaction, suicidal rumination. Those in the case of female (p<0.01 respectively), less than twenty years old (p<0.01 respectively), dissatisfied with family relationship (p<0.01 respectively), with past history of psychiatric hospitalization (Koreans p<0.01, Chinese p<0.05), pessimistic toward future, present, past self image (p<0.01 respectively) had significantly higher scores in both groups. In religion, neither group showed significant difference. In religion, neither group showed significant difference. In marital status, the Koreans showed a higher degree of divorce and separation and the Chinese in singleness (p<0.01 respectively). The Korean were higher in illiteracy and the Chinese had more college education (p<0.01 respectively). In place of growth, The Koreans showed not much difference in the areas while more Chinese grew up un large cities (p<0.01). More Koreans lived in the dormitory while the Chinese were engaged more in self-cooking (p<0.01 respectively), In pocket money per mouth, more Koreans were less than 1 dollar while the Chinese were between 7 and 10 dollars (p<0.01 respectively). There were no significant difference between two groups about religion.
Anxiety* ; Appetite ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China* ; Depression* ; Divorce ; Dyspepsia ; Education ; Ethnopsychology ; Family Relations ; Female ; Flushing ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Libido ; Literacy ; Marital Status ; Mouth ; Paresthesia ; United Nations ; Weight Loss

No abstract available.
Foot* ; Hand*

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the position of tongue and hyoid bone in relation to vertical facial patterns in the adult and child. Lateral cephalograms taken in adults(63 cases, 11.7 years in average age) and children(69 cases, 22.6 years in average age) were traced and measured about position and posture of tongue and hyoid bone using the horizontal and vertical reference lines. The angle of mandibular plane to SN plane was employed to classify the samples into groups of hypodivergent and hyperdivergent. The comparison of the tongue/hyoid bone measurements between hypodivergent group and hyperdivergent group in the adult and child were statistically executed with Student's t-test. The results were as follows; 1. The tongue height was lower in the hyperdivergent group than in hypodivergent group, and higher in children than in adults. 2. The vertical height of hyoid bone was higher in hypodivergent group than in hyperdivergent group and also higher in children than in adults. 3. The anteroposterior position was of no significant difference in relation to age or vertical facial pattern. 4. The inclination of hyoid bone in relation to cranial base was steeper in children than in adults.
Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Hyoid Bone* ; Malocclusion* ; Posture ; Skull Base ; Tongue*

Glial choristoma is defined as a mass that is composed of mature, normal brain tissue, isolated from the cranial cavity or spinal canal. The involvement of an extracranial non-midline location, especially the middle ear or mastoid region, is quite exceptional. We report here on a case of glial choristoma of the middle ear in a 2-year-old boy. He presented with otalgia and otorrhea that had lasted for 6 months, and radiological studies revealed a mass-like lesion with soft tissue density in the middle ear cavity. The patient underwent simple mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty. Histologically, the mass was composed of disorganized but mature, normal glial tissue with immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein. The patient had no previous history of head trauma or surgery, and no evidence of central nervous system connection was noted on the radiological or operative findings. This mass was regarded as a primary glial heterotopia rather than an acquired encephalocele.
Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Child, Preschool ; Choristoma* ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Ear, Middle* ; Earache ; Encephalocele ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; Humans ; Male ; Mastoid ; Neuroglia ; Spinal Canal ; Tympanoplasty

Autogenous bone graft used for the contouring and reconstruction of craniofacial bone defect has many advantages over the alloplastic material implantations. However, there are several problems associated to the autogenous bone grafting: obtaining the donor site is the most problematic; transplanted bone may be absorbed at the recipient site; and the molding to fit to the recipient site is difficult. Therefore, research in alloplastic materials is inevitable. The current research is focused on two types of hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. The calcium phosphate is known to show a limited osteogenesis. However, Coral(Biocoral, Inoteb B.P., Saint Gonnery, France) composed of calcium carbonate is known to be more effective in osteogenesis. Fibrin sealant(Duplojet system, Immuno AG. Vienna, Austria), a tissue glue, is known to increase tissue affinity, proliferation of fibroblast and vessel ingrowth. It is also known to have osteoinductive effect. We believe that fibrin sealant improves the effect of coral by increasing bone graft substitution, enhancement of plasticity and stability of the granular material. Therefore, we have undertaken an experimental investigation as following; Using high speed burr, three 10 mm in diameter skull defects were made on 24 New Zealand white rabbits. The defects were treated with implantations, which are divided into three samples: A) Control in which on coral or fibrin sealant, B) Coral 50 mg with fibrin sealant 0.3 cc, C) Coral 50 mg with saline 0.3 cc. The specimens of its skull were collected at 3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days postoperatively. The operative sites were carefully examined grossly, microscopially and radiologically. The experimental results are as followings: At 56 days post operation date, control group showed a thin layer of only fibrous connective tissue and minimal immature bone filling the defect. Coral with saline given group showed a thick layer of connective tissue and granule of coral, accompanied by partial new bone formation, mostly composed of woven bone, in the middle of the defect. In the group that were given coral with fibrin sealant, a thick layer of fibrous connective tissue and granules of coral, accompanied by more increased new bone formation in the middle of the defect were observed. Another difference from the Group B is a formed new bone replaced by lamellar bone.We concluded that by using coral and fibrin sealant together, contouring and reconstruction of bone defected areas were enhanced. It was difficult to prove directly that fibrin has osteoinductive effect. However, the plasticity and stability, the fibrin sealant gives to coral enhances the osteogenesis. Our study provides evidence that coral used with fibrin sealant will significantly improve the result of the craniofacial bone surgery.
Adhesives ; Anthozoa* ; Bone Transplantation ; Calcium ; Calcium Carbonate ; Connective Tissue ; Durapatite ; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive* ; Fibrin* ; Fibroblasts ; Fungi ; Humans ; Osteogenesis* ; Plastics ; Rabbits ; Saints ; Skull ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants

Muscles from three patients were obtained during continuous ischemic periods and were investigated ultrastructural changes to know the reversible tourniquet time. Tourniquet was applied for periods lasting between 60 minutes and 90 minutes in the human and muscle biopsies were taken from 10 minutes to 90 minutes ischemic period and at the same periods after release of the tourniquet. All specimens were investigated with electron microscopy and the results were as follows: In 10 minutes tourniquet period, loss of cristae in few mitochondria were observed. In 30 minutes tourniquet period, partial swelling, loss of cristae and myelin figure in many mitochondrias and vacuolar dilatation in T-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulumn were observed. In 60 minutes tourniquet period, above change were observed in nearly all mitochondrias and total number of mitochondrias were decreased. In 90 minutes tourniquet period, above changes were more distinct. 20 minutes after release of 90 minutes tourniquet period, small sized new mitochondria were appeared and abundant electron dense granule in their matrix and sarcoplasmic reticulumn were visible. 60 minutes after release of 90 minutes tourniquet period, the majority of damaged mitochondrias were replaced by small sized new mitochondrias and electron dense granule were abundant in sarcoplasmic reticulumn. In human, the changes on the ultrastructure were reversible for at least a succeeding 90 minutes ischemic periods.
Biopsy ; Dilatation ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mitochondria ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscles ; Myelin Sheath ; Tourniquets

Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a rare, benign hepatic tumor which was usually discovered incidentally by imaging procedure performed for some other reasons. FNH is typically asymptomatic and, it seldom bleeds. There is no evidence to support any relation with primary liver cancer. Accordingly, the preferred management is conservative, and excision is reserved for large symptomatic and complicated lesion, or when the diagnosis remains uncertain. Although many cases of FNH has been described to date in the other countries, only four cases of FNH has been reported in Korean literature. In the present report we describe a 7 cm sized asymptomatic lesion of FNH in a 23-year-old woman, that was disclosed by various kinds of imaging procedure. The left lateral segmentectomy was performed. The mass was firm and showed areas of localized growth of mature hepatocytes and septal fibrosis accompanied with marginal ductal proliferation, consistent with FNH. It also displayed an incomplete stellate architectual configration consisted of a central fibrous scar.
Cicatrix ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Focal Nodular Hyperplasia* ; Hepatocytes ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; Liver* ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Young Adult

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune/antigen-mediated esophageal disease characterized by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and eosinophil-predominant inflammation. The diagnostic criteria for EoE have changed with our growing knowledge over the past two decades. Esophageal eosinophilia, which responds histologically to a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is not a distinct disease but a subset of EoE. An endoscopic scoring system that relies on the assessment of exudates, rings, edema, furrows, and strictures is a useful tool for assessing endoscopic severity. PPIs are regarded as safe and effective first-line treatments for EoE. Oral topical corticosteroids or dietary therapy are also options for first-line treatment. Endoscopic dilation is effective for relieving the dysphagia symptoms of a patient with an esophageal stricture.

PURPOSE: This study was performed to be helpful in early diagnosis and treatment of the children with peptic ulcer disease. METHODS: The authors observed 36 children with peptic ulcer disease who had been admitted to Hanyang University Hospital during the 11 year 4 mont period from January 1981 to April 1992 retrospectively. The diagnosis was established in 33.3% by gastric endoscopy, in 25% by upper gastrointestinal barium study, in 11.7% by gastric endoscopy and upper gastrointestinal barium study simultaneously, and in 30% by emergency operation. RESULTS: 1) Age and sex incidence of chidlren with peptic ulcer disease(3 days to 16 years old) showed that males predominated in a proportion of 8:1 and 83.3% were 7 years of age or older. Under the age of 7, the incidence of gastric ulcer was greater than that of duodenal ulcer and above the age of 7 duodenal ulcer was 2.6 times more frequent than gastric ulcer. 2) The chief comlaints on admission were abdominal pain in 17 patients(47%), hematemesis or melena in 15 patients(25%), vomiting in 6 patients(16%). There was a tendency that abdominal pain also increased as the age increased. 3) Most common blood type among 13 patients with duodenal ulcer was Rh+O type(53.8%). 4) Of the 15 children who had gastrointestinal bleeding, 10(43.3% of duodenal ulcer) were doudenal ulcer and 4(33.3% of gastric ulcer) were gastric ulcer. Severe anemia(Hb<7g/dl) was shown in only 5 patients with duodenal ulcer. 5) According to the region of the ulcer, 20(86.9%) of 23 children with doudenal ulcer had ulcers in doudenal bulb and 8(66.7%) of 12 children with gastric ulcer had ulcers in antrum. 6) 18 children with duodenal ulcer, 7 children with gastric ulcer and 1 child with gastroduodenal ulcer had complications. Of the 26 children, bleeding occured in 10 children, perforation occured in 7 children and obstruction occured in one child. 7) 23 children were treated medically and 13 children were treated surgically. 11 patients received operation due to panperit unitis(perforation), 1 patients(71%) were treated medically, however, under 7 year of age, 5 patients(62%) received surgical treatment. Surgical methods used were primary closure(4 patients), vagotomy with pyloroplasty(1 patients), subtotal gastrectomy with gastrojejunostomy(7 patients) and antrectomy with gastroduodenostomy(1 patients). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that it is important to diagnose early peptic ulcer disease in children, who have nonspecific symptoms and signs above mentioned, to prevent possible complications including failure to thrive.
Abdominal Pain ; Barium ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Duodenal Ulcer ; Early Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Endoscopy ; Failure to Thrive ; Gastrectomy ; Hematemesis ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant* ; Male ; Melena ; Peptic Ulcer* ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Ulcer ; Ulcer ; Vagotomy ; Vomiting