We recently encountered a case of stuttering priapism in a 41-year-old patient with neurosyphilis. Priapism very rarely has a neurogenic cause, and to our knowledge, priapism caused by neurosyphilis has not been reported previously in the literature. Our aim was to report this case and systematically review the related literature.
Humans ; Neurosyphilis ; Priapism ; Stuttering

Stuttering as a side effect of antipsychotics is rare. There are only 4 reports of neuroleptic-induced stuttering. Most reports of neuroleptic-inducted stuttering involved low-potency drugs that have high intrinsic antimuscarinic activity. Risperidone is high potent drug and often referred to as 'atypical' antipsychotic agent due to fewer extrapyramidal side effects and efficacy on negative symptoms of schizophrenia. We experienced a case of risperidone-induced stuttering in a young male schizophrenic patient, and report this case.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Humans ; Male ; Risperidone ; Schizophrenia ; Stuttering*

Hypnobehavioral therapy was used to treat a 22-year-old male soldier for a stuttering problem, which began from the high school age and persisted f3r an ensuing 7-year period. A detailed clinical report illustrates how hypnosis was integrated with behavior modification to treat a rather distressing speech disorder. It seems reasonable that an active or behavioral component of suggestion may well produce more desirable changes in a resistant symptom such as stuttering. Alter the first hypnobehavioral therapy session, the patient realized that all was not hopeless. Results of this hypnobehavioral therapy Proved successful and facilitative.
Behavior Therapy ; Humans ; Hypnosis ; Male ; Military Personnel ; Stuttering ; Young Adult

Priapism is a persistent penile erection that continues for hours beyond, or is unrelated to, sexual stimulation. Priapism requires a prompt evaluation and usually requires an emergency management. There are two types of priapism: 1) ischemic (veno-occlusive or low-flow), which is found in 95% of cases, and 2) nonischemic (arterial or high-flow). Stuttering (intermittent or recurrent) priapism is a recurrent form of ischemic priapism. To initiate appropriate management, the physician must decide whether the priapism is ischemic or nonischemic. In the management of an ischemic priapism, resolution should be achieved as promptly as possible. Initial treatment is therapeutic aspiration with or without irrigation of the corpora. If this fails, intracavernous injection of sympathomimetic agents is the next step. Surgical shunts should be performed in cases involving failure of nonsurgical treatment. The first management of a nonischemic priapism should be observation. Selective arterial embolization is recommended for the management of nonischemic priapism in cases that request treatment. The goal of management for stuttering priapism is prevention of future episodes. This article provides a review of recent clinical developments in the medical and surgical management of priapism and an investigation of scientific research activity in this rapidly developing field of study.
Emergencies ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Male ; Penile Erection ; Priapism* ; Stuttering ; Sympathomimetics

Priapism is an abnormal persistent penile erection that continues for more than 4 hours, without sexual stimulation according to the definition of the AUA (American Urological Association) guideline on the management of priapism. It was relatively rare in the past but has been increasing in the incidence since the advent of pharmacological agents. Stuttering priapism is a recurrent form of ischemic priapism and its treatment goal is to prevent the recurrences of priapism and resultant erectile dysfunction. We present the case of a patient who took tadalafil and thereafter had idiopathic recurrent episodes of ischemic priapism during the sleep and we show several treatment options of stuttering priapism with review of recent related articles.
Carbolines ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Penile Erection ; Priapism ; Recurrence ; Stuttering ; Tadalafil

Priapism is defined as a persistent and painful erection lasting longer than four hours without sexual stimulation. Based on episode history and pathophysiology, priapism is classified into three subtypes: ischemic (low-flow), non-ischemic (high-flow), and stuttering priapism. Ischemic priapism is characterized by a persistent, painful erection with remarkable rigidity of the corpora cavernosa caused by a disorder of venous blood outflow from this tissue mass, and is similar to penile compartment syndrome. Stuttering priapism is characterized by a self-limited, recurrent, and intermittent erection, frequently occurring in patients with sickle cell disease. Non-ischemic priapism is characterized by a painless, persistent nonsexual erection that is not fully rigid and is caused by excess arterial blood flow into the corpora cavernosa. Because ischemic and non-ischemic priapism differ based on emergency status and treatment options, appropriate discrimination of each type of priapism is required to initiate adequate clinical management. The goal of management of priapism is to achieve detumescence of the persistent penile erection and to preserve erectile function after resolution of the priapism. To achieve successful management, urologists should address this emergency clinical condition. In the present article, we review the diagnosis and clinical management of the three types of priapism.
Anemia, Sickle Cell ; Compartment Syndromes ; Diagnosis ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Male ; Penile Erection ; Priapism* ; Stuttering

Speech and language are uniquely human-specific traits that have contributed to humans becoming the predominant species on earth from an evolutionary perspective. Disruptions in human speech and language function may result in diverse disorders, including stuttering, aphasia, articulation disorder, spasmodic dysphonia, verbal dyspraxia, dyslexia, and specific language impairment (SLI). These disorders often cluster within a family, and this clustering strongly supports the hypothesis that genes are involved in human speech and language functions. For several decades, multiple genetic studies, including linkage analysis and genomewide association studies, were performed in an effort to link a causative gene to each of these disorders, and several genetic studies revealed associations between mutations in specific genes and disorders such as stuttering, verbal dyspraxia, and SLI. One notable genetic discovery came from studies on stuttering in consanguineous Pakistani families; these studies suggested that mutations in lysosomal enzyme-targeting pathway genes (GNPTAB, GNPTG, and NAPGA) are associated with non-syndromic persistent stuttering. Another successful study identified FOXP2 in a Caucasian family affected by verbal dyspraxia. Furthermore, an abnormal ultrasonic vocalization pattern (USV) was observed in knock-in (KI) and humanized mouse models carrying mutations in the FOXP2 gene. Although studies have increased our understanding of the genetic causes of speech and language disorders, these genes can only explain a small fraction of all disorders in patients. In this paper, we summarize recent advances and future challenges in an effort to reveal the genetic causes of speech and language disorders in animal models.
Animals ; Aphasia ; Apraxias ; Articulation Disorders ; Dyslexia ; Dysphonia ; Humans ; Language Disorders* ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Stuttering ; Ultrasonics

Speech and language are uniquely human-specific traits, which contributed to humans becoming the predominant species on earth. Disruptions in the human speech and language function may result in diverse disorders. These include stuttering, aphasia, articulation disorder, spasmodic dysphonia, verbal dyspraxia, dyslexia and specific language impairment. Among these disorders, stuttering is the most common speech disorder characterized by disruptions in the normal flow of speech. Twin, adoption, and family studies have suggested that genetic factors are involved in susceptibility to stuttering. For several decades, multiple genetic studies including linkage analysis were performed to connect causative gene to stuttering, and several genetic studies have revealed the association of specific gene mutation with stuttering. One notable genetic discovery came from the genetic studies in the consanguineous Pakistani families. These studies suggested that mutations in the lysosomal enzyme-targeting pathway genes (GNPTAB, GNPTG and NAPGA) are associated with non-syndromic persistent stuttering. Although these studies have revealed some clues in understanding the genetic causes of stuttering, only a small fraction of patients are affected by these genes. In this study, we summarize recent advances and future challenges in an effort to understand genetic causes underlying stuttering.
Aphasia ; Apraxias ; Articulation Disorders ; Dyslexia ; Dysphonia ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; Lysosomes ; Stuttering*

BACKGROUND: Palilalia is characterized mainly by compulsive repetitions of words and phrases, which are attenuated in loudness and increased in rate. Up to date, approximately 29 cases of palilalia secondary to various neurological insults were reported mostly as a single case study. To our knowledge, there has been no reported case of palilalia in Korea until now. In this report, we present two patients with palilalia. CASES: The first patient KH, a 52-year-old man, with vascular parkinsonism, exhibited the repetition after an episode of stroke in the bilateral basal ganglia area. The second patient SH, a 60-year-old man with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, also manifested the repetition of words and phrases. The speech performance of both patients varied with the type of speech tasks, for instance, propositional language as opposed to automatic language. COMMENT: Palilalia should be differentlly diagnosed from neurogenic stuttering, echolalia, or aphasic perseveration. A pathophysiological explanation of patient KH's palilalia would be an widespread extrapyramidal impairment that resulted in destruction of the inhibitory motor circuit which might lead to the abnormal, uncontrolled speech-related neuronal firing in the frontal lobe. On the other hand, patient SH's palilalic speech may result from hyperexcitation of downstream of dopaminergic system related to peak-dose dyskinesia.
Basal Ganglia ; Dyskinesias ; Echolalia ; Fires ; Frontal Lobe ; Hand ; Humans ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Neurons ; Parkinson Disease ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Stroke ; Stuttering

The phrases such as elders' powerless soliloquy or stammering and their positions unadjusted to the real world are, so far, one of negative views on elder's reminiscences. In other words, it means that elders can get psychological consolation from the getting themselves absorbed in their past. The starting point of this study is, however, that elders' reminiscence are their own mode of the existence. This dissertation is studied through Van Manen's phenomenological research method. The aim of this study is to examine the nature of Korean elders' reminiscing content in everyday life of elders. The research participants consist of the ten elders who are community elders, hospitalized elders and nursing home residents. The period of the research is about a year from Jan., 1996 to Feb., 1997. The results of this study are as follows : The natures of elders' reminiscences are the regretting on their life, mitigating the regrets, the confirmation of the powers and the confirmation of their life's mark. The regretting on their life is the starting point of elders's reminiscences. elders have tried to examine their life through reflection on their life that they did not live good life as son and daughter for parents and as parents for children and that they have foolishly lived, on dream that they did not come true, on their learning that they did not unsatisfied. But elders mitigate the regrets. They have felt their limitations of power in the conflict of human relation, the economic matter and the difficult predicament, and have finally accepted their life as it is by congesting from their tenacity. It is dynamically found that both the regretting on their life and mitigating of the regret. And they pursuit the powers. It means the pursuit of the vital powers, the vigorous powers and the competency. Elders have pursued their vitality, vigor and competency through their reminiscences and have wanted to be recognized by others as a powerful being. These have dynamic and compounded aspects. The confirmation of their life's mark refer to through their own situation of health, condition, children, neighbourhood and doing their duty as a human. Elders have confirmed the present value of their being through the reflecting the present, past self, other men around themselves, children, neighborhood and the doing their human duty as a good men. Therefore the results of this study can offer new view on the elders' reminiscences that we have to understand the as a process as what they are, escaping from the simple logic that elders' reminiscence have a positive or a negative effects. Also, this study which have examined the natures of Korean elders' reminiscences can cast a new light on elders' nursing proper for Korean culture.
Child ; Dreams ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Humans ; Learning ; Logic ; Male ; Nuclear Family ; Nursing ; Nursing Homes ; Parents ; Residence Characteristics ; Stuttering ; United Nations