PURPOSE: This study was aimed to identify application motives and to explore the impact of motives on school adjustment in medical school students. METHODS: Fifty-one third-year medical students were individually interviewed by two independent interviewers to evaluate application motives and school adjustment. Fisher's exact test and two-way analysis of variance were used to examine group differences in school adjustment and academic performance according to application motives and personal characteristics. RESULTS: On the basis of Marcia's identity status model, four types of application motives were identified including "objective orientation", "achievement orientation", "heteronomy" and "objective diffusion." Students who were classified into either objective orientation or achievement orientation did not have any adjustment problem. However, half the students classified into either heteronomy or objective diffusion had academic or social problems. The students in the first two classifications achieved higher grades in basic science courses than those of the later two. Conclusions: These results suggest that application motives tend to impact school adjustment and academic performance. Motive-based admission policies and student guidance should be considered as alternative measure for improving school adjustment and academic performance in medical school students.
Classification ; Diffusion ; Humans ; Schools, Medical* ; Social Problems ; Students, Medical

BACKGROUND: We predicted that the self-reporting questionnaire proposed by Fitzpatrick might not be appropriate for classifying the skin phototype in Korean people. OBJECTIVE: We classified the skin phototypes in Korean people by measuring the minimal erythema dose (MED) of UVB on the basis of MEDs of skin type proposed by Pathak and Fitzpatrick. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty-four male Korean medical students participated in this study. We irradiated UVB with Waldmann UV 800 and measured MEDs after 24 hours. RESULTS: The mean MED was 70.1+/-21.3 mJ/cm2. Most of the MEDs were 70, 60, 50 mJ/cm2 in the order of frequency. On the basis of the skin type proposed by Pathak and Fitzpatrick, the most frequent phototype was the skin type V(56.3%) by MED. 20.8% and 13.8% of the subjects corresponded to the skin types UV and III, respectively. 9.1% of the subjects fell into the UV sensitive group, skin type l and II. CONCLUSION: Using these results as groundwork, simple and precisely applicable classification of skin phototype in Korean people needs to be established.
Adult* ; Classification* ; Erythema* ; Humans ; Male ; Skin* ; Students, Medical ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify subjective attitudes towards terminal patients in nursing students who had clinical practice. The types of subjective attitude were classified by applying Q methodology. According to those types, basic reference data for the development of educational programs were provided.METHODS: Thirty-four final Q samples were selected, and Q classification with a nine-point scale was performed with P samples of 43 nursing students. A key factor analysis was conducted with the collected data using the PC QUANAL program.RESULTS: Nursing students' attitudes towards terminal patients were grouped into three types. The total variable was 49.96%. Students with Type 1 (“wish for life-sustaining medical treatment”) thought that terminal patients accurately understood their medical condition and wanted to prolong their lives. Others with Type 2 (“need for service and support”) believed that a multidisciplinary nursing system needs to be established to help terminal patients prepare for death. Students with Type 3 (‘awareness and acceptance of death’) thought that terminal patients wanted to die with dignity at a hospice unit.CONCLUSION: This study analyzed various types of attitude towards terminal patients, as perceived by nursing students with clinical training experience. Development of educational programs for each attitude type analyzed in this study could contribute to systematic training programs for nursing students caring for terminal patients.
Classification ; Education ; Hospices ; Humans ; Nursing ; Students, Nursing ; Terminally Ill

This study was conducted to analyze the nursing diagnoses applied for case studies of nursing students through their clinical practices, and to provide the educational basis of nursing diagnosed with its results. The data were collected for two years(1995 and 1996) from 70 case studies reported by the 2nd and 3rd year nursing junior college students. The students made 259 nursing diagnoses among which 230 diagnoses qualified NANDA classification and were taken for analysis. The results of the analysis were as follows : 1. The number of diagnoses indicating response patterns was 35(35.7%), whereas 98 diagnoses in NANDA table . Among the 35 diagnoses, the pattern of exchange was most frequent, then feeling, moving, knowing in rank. 2. The diagnoses were analyzed in the categories of response patterns. For Instance, 'Altered in Nutrition' was most frequent in exchange, then Risk for Infection', 'Ineffective Airway Clearance', in rank. 3. Among 230 diagnoses, 'Knowledge Deficit' was most frequently mentioned, then 'Activity Intolerance' 'Anxiety' 'Pain' 'Altered in Nutrition', Risk for Infection, 'Ineffective airway clearance', in rank. 4. The types of word expression of each diagnoses were various, 'Activity Intolerance' was expressed in 6 types. 5. The relating factors applied to each diagnosis were analyzed. For Instance, the relating factor of 'Knowledge Deficit' were illness, and therapeutic process, lack of motivation, occurrence of complication, short experience, operation, and so on. From the above study, the researcher would like to recommend as follows : 1) The current diagnoses need to be verified its content validity, when they are applied to our culture. 2) The most effective educational method for applying nursing diagnoses should be explored. 3) Further study could be focused on not only ' relating factors' but also 'sign and symptoms'.
Classification* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Motivation ; Nursing Diagnosis* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the types of anger expression in adolescent women. METHODS: The Q-Methodology which provides a method of analyzing the individual's subjectivity was used. The 32 subjects classified 50 selected Q-statements on a 9 point scale to make a normal distribution. The collected data was analyzed by a PCQUANL program. RESULTS: Five types of anger expression in adolescent women were identified. Type I: Direct attacking expression type, Type II: Mature consideration type, Type III: Passive indirect expression type, Type IV: Avoidance conversion type, and Type V: Expression control type. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that different approaches of nursing intervention strategies are recommended based on the five types of anger expression and their characteristics.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Psychology ; Anger/*classification ; Expressed Emotion/*classification ; Female ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Q-Sort ; Questionnaires ; Students, Nursing

OBJECT: This study is to examine the validity of constitutional classification of Sa-sang medical theory. This theory classifies the human constitution to 4 types according to classical oriental philosophy on yin and yang. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Subjects were 312 medical students and 288 neurotic patients with diagnosis of neurotic, stress related and somatoform disorders and minor depressive episodes according to ICD-10. Medical students were classified to 4 Sa-sang constitutions by Noh Jung Woo scale, by Dr. Kim Dal Lae himself and Questionnaire for the Sa-sang Constitution Classification(QSCC II). For assessmnent of symptoms and signs, Korean version of SCL-90, a constitution scale and personality scale which were designed for this study were used. These instruments were found to be reliable and valid through statistical analysis. Subjects were asked to rate these scales. The data were analysed with factor analysis and factor scores were compared among 4 Sa-sang constitutions by ANOVA and t-test. The data from patient group were analysed with factor analysis and the results were compared with the Sa-sang medical theory. RESULTS: Results of classification by 3 ways were inconsistent showing a significant difference among them. Among them, QSCC II was most reliable. In QSCC II, only the factor scores of factors of homophobia-obsession, weakness-sensitiveness-indigestion- chillness-skin syndrome, sexual weakness, passive-unsociable personality, introverted personality and rational personality, were significantly high in So-um (small yin) group of medical students. A factor of warmnes and active-sociable personality were significantly high in Tae-um(big yin) group. Also active-sociable and affective pesonality was partly related with So-yang(small yang) group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that those present classification methods are inconsistent, that these methods are proving only parts of Sa-sang medical theory, and that objective and scientific studies are needed for reliability and validity of Sa-sang medical theory.
Classification ; Constitution and Bylaws* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; International Classification of Diseases ; Philosophy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproducibility of Results ; Somatoform Disorders ; Students, Medical ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the acute health effect of formaldehyde during an anatomy dissection course. METHODS: The formaldehyde concentrations in a gross anatomy laboratory were measured and analyzed during an anatomy dissection course attended by eighty medical students. The Pulmonary Function Test and three tests of the Korean Computerized Neurobehavioral Test (digit classification, digit addition and symbol digit) were given to thirty of the eighty medical students at the pre- and post-exposure. A questionnaire survey was administered to the eighty medical students at the pre- and post-exposure. RESULTS: The differences in the mean FVC and FEV(1) were statistically significant (p<0.01) at the preand post-exposure. In the low exposed group (<2 ppm), only the decreases in FEV(1) on post-exposure were statistically significant (p<0.05) compared with FEV(1) on pre-exposure. In the high exposed group (> or = 2 ppm), decreases in both FVC and FEV(1) on post-exposure were statistically significant (p<0.05). The overall performance on the digit classification, digit addition and symbol digit of the Korean Computerized Neurobehavioral Test on post-exposure was lower than that on pre-exposure. In the low exposed group, the performances on the digit classification and symbol digit were lower than those on pre-exposure. In the high exposed group, the performances on digit classification, digit addition and symbol digit were lower than those on pre-exposure. Complaints involving the eyes, nose and throat increased substantially on post-practice compared with pre-practice in both groups. There were statistically significant differences in the complaints involving the eyes, nose and throat between the pre-practice and post-practice in both groups (p<0.05). There were more complaints in the high exposed group than in the low exposed group. CONCLUSIONS: Formaldehyde exposure during a dissection can decrease the pulmonary function and neurobehavioral performance, and can increase the complaints involving the eyes, nose and throat. The effect on the symptoms, pulmonary function and neurobehavioral performance is positively correlated with the formaldehyde level.
Classification ; Cognition ; Formaldehyde* ; Humans ; Nose ; Pharynx ; Questionnaires ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Students, Medical

With the rapid growth of research and recognition about usefulness and importnace of the Nursing Diagnosis, the demand for application of Nursing Diagnosis has never been stronger. But in clinical field, not many nurses has used Nursing Diagnosis. Especially, nursing student have a difficulty to use Nursing Diagnosis because it demands for high level of capability of analyzing collected data and combining with relevant references. Therefore. this research has developed Nursing Diagnosis Self-learning Program using Back-propagating Neutral Network Model which is based on 98 surgery patients' data for nursing student. The twenty-six nursing diagnoses based on NANDA Taxonomy with 189 cases' reports and aid of 8 nursing experts wee determined to develop the program. To verify the usefulness of Nursing Diagnosis Self-learning Program constructed with the fully trained neural nets, the Program was tested with 70 real patients' data. The simulated output of program was compared with the judgement of the researcher and of two experts of nursing. The misdiagnosis rate of this program was eleven percent. This Program needs input of Signs and Symptoms, risk factors and 'related to' factors and also input the nursing diagnoses which a student selects. And than prints out two types of diagnoses. One is from the system and the other is what the student inputed. And the student makes the final diagnosis by refering the two types of diagnoses. Finally, the program prints out the completed diagnosis which problem combines with etiology in the diagnosis producing module. The program helps students to improve her capacity related to use Nursing Diagnosis.
Classification ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Errors ; Humans ; Neural Networks (Computer)* ; Nursing Diagnosis* ; Nursing* ; Risk Factors ; Students, Nursing

BACKGROUND: Seoul National University College of Medicine has provided a new educational curriculum on basis of the competency-based curriculum since 2016. The new curriculum included the medical humanities course (MHC) to potentiate humanities of medical students. The present study applied the context, input, process and product (CIPP) evaluation model to the MHC in order to confirm the feasibility of the CIPP model and to improve the MHC by questionnaire survey and analysis of teaching materials. METHODS: This study analyzed the MHC provided to the freshmen in 2016 and to the freshmen and sophomores in 2017 by the CIPP model. Firstly, evaluation criteria and indicators were developed according to the CIPP classification. The materials collected from the course were analyzed by quantitative and qualitative analysis according to the evaluation criteria. In the quantitative analysis, an independent sample t-test was performed to verify the difference in the responses between the students (n = 522) and the professors (n = 22). In addition, content analysis was conducted for qualitative evaluation. RESULTS: There were significant differences in perceptions of MHC between students and professors about the results of almost all objective survey questions through the t-test, such as score 3.64 in students and 4.48 in professors in response to the item of ‘provision of appropriate feedback.’ As a result of the content analysis, 7 categories and 20 subcategories were derived. There were the most responses to various instructional methods (students, 20%; professors, 21.5%). CONCLUSION: The CIPP evaluation model was acceptable for the MHC analysis. The first task is to raise students' awareness of the MHC in order to improve the MHC quality.
Classification ; Curriculum ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Humanities ; Humans ; Seoul ; Students, Medical ; Teaching Materials

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the awareness of the students currently attending dental colleges/schools in Seoul regarding the scope of work done by a dental hygienist (DH) and a chair-side dental assistant (DA).METHODS: A direct questionnaire survey was conducted among 950 students who currently attend dental colleges/schools in Seoul. We were able to use a total of 458 samples for final analysis after excluding inappropriate ones. The contents of this structuralized survey included the obligation of proper name badge use for dental health care personnel, the legal work scopes of a DH and a DA in accordance with the revised execution of the ‘Legal Acts on Medical Technicians’, and the inclusion/exclusion of such contents from dental colleges/schools curricula. The results were statistically analyzed via the IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 software.RESULTS: Many subjects were aware of the difference in scope of work performed by a DH and a DA (P < 0.001), but not their legal obligation to wear appropriate name badges in accordance with the ‘Proposal for the Establishment of the Name Badge Standards for Healthcare Practitioners'. The subjects generally showed higher comprehension of the scope of work performed by a DH (74.3%) than that performed by a DA (57.7%). Without the presence of any corresponding curriculum, accurate responses tended to increase with the students' seniority. Most students (94.4%) agreed with the need to include a class that teaches the scope of work performed by a DH and a DA in their school curricula.CONCLUSIONS: We have found that education regarding ‘Name Badge Standards for Healthcare Practitioners’ and classification of a dental assistant's scope of work is lacking in the existing curriculum. Therefore, it is necessary to establish additional curriculum.
Classification ; Comprehension ; Curriculum ; Delivery of Health Care ; Dental Assistants ; Dental Hygienists ; Education ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Seoul ; Students, Dental